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| Interaction of actin filaments with myosin causes contraction of the cell, pulling the tailing end forward. |
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| The storage structure of starch within some plant cells. |
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| The protective and structural outline of a cell in fungi, some bacteria, and all plants. |
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| The main structural component of plant cell walls. |
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| The main photosynthetic pigment; absorbs red-orange and blue-violet light. |
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| The storage unit of chlorophyll within plants; endosymbiotic theory suggest that it used to be cyanobacteria. |
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| Red to yellow pigments that do not photosynthesize; give plants and flowers color. |
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| A microtubule that is found in Bronchioles as well as Paramecium. Remember 9 + 0 axoneme for non-motile cilia, while there are 9 + 2 axonemes for motile cilia. Part of the cytoskeleton. |
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| A microtubule found in sperm, Euglena, Volvox, and dinoflagellates. Part of the cytoskeleton. |
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| Break down fats; also breaks down carbohydrates during germination until photosynthesis begins. |
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| Manufacturing body; modifies compounds then transport them to the outside of the cell while adding a molecular ID tag. Create polysaccharides such as pectin. |
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| A stack of thylakoids inside of a chloroplast. |
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| No pigments; include proteinoplasts and amyloplasts. |
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| The "concrete" of the secondary cell wall; it is added after growth to prevent water transfer between the cell wall and the environment/ organism. |
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| Include peroxisomes and peroxisomes. |
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| Thinnest cytoskeletal elements; includes actin (contractile protein), while it bears tension. It aids in cell shape, movement, streaming. |
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| Largest elements (25 nm). Includes tubulin (contractile protein dimer), resists compression, are used as cilia and flagella. |
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| A sticky polysaccharide layer that cements two cell walls together; cells need this for structure and to create plasmodesmata between each other. |
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| The site of cellular respiration, creates ATP; evidence of endosymbiosis (membranes, size, DNA). |
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| Process that fixes atmosphere nitrogen into ammonia; carried out by cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, Rhizobium. |
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| The primary component of the middle lamella, produced in the Golgi bodies. |
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| Break down glycolic acid produced in photorespiration, produces hydrogen peroxide which is then broken down by catalase; breaks down fats and sends to mitochondria; detoxifies alcohol and other chemicals. |
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| Cellular "eating" caused by the membrane of a cell pinching off food taken in. Cause for endosymbiosis. |
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| The lipid bilayer surrounding all cells that provides a barrier between the cytoplasm of a cell and the surroundings. |
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| The "insides" of a cell: cytosol and all organelles within it. |
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| The plasma membrane of two cells extending through adjacent walls; transports water, solutes, proteins, RNA between cells; unites protoplasts as a functional whole. |
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| Double membrane-bound organelles that divide by fission; contain DNA; change shape and move; occasionally reproduce; 70s ribosomes; make some proteins; 2-5 nanometers long. |
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| The first cell wall of a plant cell; made of cellulose microfibrils that contain long cylindrical fibers; matrix of proteins and polysaccharides; forms in alternating directions; stretches plastically; tensile strength; young growing cells, storage cells, photosynthetic cells, parenchyma cells. |
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| Undifferentiated plastids; dark grown cells; grow into plastids. |
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| The site of protein synthesis; can be free floating or inside of cytosol; prokaryotes have 70s type while eukaryotes have 80s type. |
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| The connection a nucleus has with the cytoplasm; modification of polypeptide chains; adds carbohydrates turning them into glycoproteins; synthesizes membranes such as phospholipids and proteins; embedded with ribosomes. |
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| The outer cell wall of a plant cell; made of mostly cellulose and lignin; resists change in form; cellulose steel rods inside lignin concrete; added after growth so water entering cannot break through cell wall. |
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Lipid assembly; many in seed forming cells; carbohydrate metabolism; animals degrade toxins but profilerate due to exposure. |
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Definition
| The individual sacs of chloroplasts; stacked in grana; light harvesting and ATP formation. |
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| Cytoplasmic membrane surrounding central vacuole; derived from ER and Golgi; starts with many vesicles; transports solutes in and out of vacuole; controls water potential. |
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| The central storage of the cell. Exerts pressure on cell wall, increases cell size, synthesizes ethylene and transforms sugar, stores salts, sugars, pigments, waste products, and crystal poisons, and maintains constant concentration inside of cytosol. |
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| Membranous sacs that move through cytoplasm; bud off of ER and Golgi; components of lysosomes. |
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