ACH -> (N)

NE-> (α/β)

short-lomg

• 4° amine (ionic bonding)
• Ethyline bridge (separation)
• Ester (H-bond Acceptor, fragile)

• bis 4º ammonium
• 6 C separation
• flexible

Neuromuscular blocker

 separation:

CNS blocker

separation:

• Bis-cation
• ≥10 atoms separating the N⁽⁺⁾s
• Separation rigid and bulky

• Bis 4º ammonium
• 10 atoms separation
• flexible

CHAT

(Choline Acetyltransferase)

ACH-> N

ACH-> M

Long-short

α2 β1 γ δ

or

α2 β1 ε δ

alkyl substitution on β carbon

S config

Trans config

(also increased duration)

5 atoms: agonist

6-8 atoms: partial

9+ atoms: Antagonist

Muscarinic Antagonist

(Anticholinergics)

1. Ring or bulk
2. tertiary C with branched H bond (D/A)
3. Spacer
4. Cation

G_q & G₁₁

Phospholipase C

IP3 DAG

G1

adenolate cyclase

decreased cAMP

G0

regulates K channels

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (Rate limiting)

Fe, O2, folate (cofactor)

LAAD (enzyme)

Pyridoxal Phosphate (Cofactor)

Dopamine β hydroxylase (Enzyme)

Cu O₂ Vit C (Cofactor)

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

SAM (Cofactor)

Gq: activate PLC, hydrolysis of PIP2 to make DAG and IP3

Gca: regulate Ca channels

1. MAO

2. Aldehyde reductase

1. MAO

2. Aldehyde dehydrogenase

(acts on one OH of catechol)

OH -> OCH₃

1. Alcohol Dehydrogenase

2. Aldehyde dehydrogenase