Term
| Types of Divine Revelation |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. Shameful interactions (ad hominen attacks) with those of differing positions
2. Abandoning attempts to reconcile special & general revelation
3. Jumping to shallow, poorly considered conclusions |
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Term
| What we should pursue tenaciously-humility |
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Definition
1. Most humbly realize the fallenness of our faculties, in terms of interpreting BOTH general revelation and special revelation, and in terms of our abilities to properly knit together the two
2. We see only a poor reflection in the mirror of creation (1 Corinthians 13:12) |
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Term
| Interpretations of the Genesis account of creation days: wide diversity of opinion among professing evangelical Christians |
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Definition
1. 6-day
2. Day-Age
3. Analogical Days
4. Framework
All reject unguided evolutionary mechanisms as the ultimate source of biological diversity. |
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Term
| 6-day (R.C. Sproul, Calvin, Luther)-Young Earth |
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Definition
1. Most often associated with a young earth, Earth as viewed as 4000-5000 years old
2. Most straightforward reading of the Genesis text |
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Term
| Day-Age (Hugh Ross, James Montgomery Boice, Francis Schaeffer)-Progressive, Creationism |
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Definition
1. "Yom" as age rather than literal 24-hr day
2. Scientific evidence of old earth suggests a different reading of Genesis
3. While the sequence of events is laid out in Genesis as a historical account, the days are not 24-hr periods |
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Term
| Analogical Days (Augustine, Herman Bavinck)-Interpretation |
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Definition
1. Days are God's workdays, not identical to our workdays (only analogous)
2. Days are not of known length, may overlap or represent a logical rather than chronological breakdown of God's creative activities |
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Term
| Framework (Meredith Kline, Mark Futato) |
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Definition
1. Similar to analogical day view
2. Creation week is a metaphor, a poetic vehicle to communicate historical creation activities
3. Length of actual days is unspecified, and order and timing of events is viewed as unimportant |
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Term
| Evidence for the age of the Earth |
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Definition
1. Many features give an appearance of age
2. Sedimentary rock strata-show distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms
3. Radiometric dating of fossils (indirect measures)
4. Limits of radiometric dating techniques |
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Term
| Proposed geological timescale |
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Definition
| 4.55 billion year history |
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Term
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Definition
| Simpler organisms in deeper strata, more complex organisms in higher strata |
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Term
| Radiometric dating of fossils |
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Definition
1. Carbon 14-ratio of C12 to C14 [Assumes that production of C14 in upper atmosphere is constant]
2. Potassium 40-volcanic rock, ratio of potassium 40 to argon 40 |
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Term
| Limits of radiometric dating techniques |
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Definition
| Often require assumption about: initial amounts present in a material; assume constant rates of radioactive decay |
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Term
| Proposed Geological Eons, Eras, Periods |
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Definition
1. Hadean Eon
2. Archaean Eon
3. Proterozoic Eon
4. Phanerozoic |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed to be 4.5 billion years ago; towards the end of the era there was fossil evidence that point to prokaryotes-bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| 3.8 billion years ago; scion bacteria & photosynthetic bacteria as well as the 1st eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 2.5 billion years ago; multicellular eukaryotes; later on, bilateral eukaryotes (head & tail end; left & right back) |
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Term
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Definition
| 543 million years ago; most of the body forms of multicellular eukaryotes arises |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs at end of Phanerozoic; insects, plants, animals, reptiles, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
1. A heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations
2. From a genetic perspective, involves changes in allele frequencies over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution viewed on a smaller scale, relating to genetic or phenotypic changes in population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution viewed on a larger scale relating to formation of new species or groups of species |
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Term
|
Definition
1. British naturalist born in 1809
2. Developed a theory of evolution, presented in 1858 at a meeting of the Linnaean society & published the ideas in 1859 ("The Origin of Species")
3. Alfred Russell Wallace independently came up with a similar theory, presented it alongside Darwin |
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Term
| Darwin's Philosophical Context |
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Definition
1. Greek Ideas
2. Natural Theology |
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Term
| Greek Ideas for Darwin's Philosophical Context |
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Definition
1. Plato's essentialism
2. Aristotle-an ordered "ladder of life" with each rung occupied; no room for change |
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Term
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Definition
1. Variation of the ideal, "real" form
2. Evolution would not occur in a world of perfectly adapted creatures |
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Term
| Natural Theology for Darwin's Philosophical Context |
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Definition
1. Creator's plan could be understood by studying nature
2. Adaptations of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose
3. Classification allowed an appreciation of the hierarchal steps of the ladder of life |
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Term
| Influences on Darwin's thinking |
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Definition
1. Linneaus (1707-1778)
2. Cuvier (1769-1832) and Catastrophism
3. James Hutton (1726-1797) and Charles Lyell (1797-1895)
4. Lamarck (1744-1829)-a drive toward complexity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Father of taxonomy
2. Classifications (KPCOFGS) were not attempts to establish evolutionary relationships
3. Rather, "Dues creavit, Linnaeus disposuit" (God creates, Linnaeus arranges) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Interpreted fossil strata as a record of life's history
2. Speculated that boundaries between fossil strata correspond to the time of historical catastrophic events
3. Catastrophic events caused mass extinctions; changes in species from one stratum to the next reflected immigration of organisms from other areas |
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Term
| James Hutton & Charles Lyell |
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Definition
1. Profound geological change due to slow, continuous processes that continue to operate the world
2. Canyons form by slow erosion; fossil-bearing strata slowly accumulate over time
3. Suggested Old Earth |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Developed an early evolutionary model (1809)
2. Organsims have the tendency to adapt & change in response to their environment
3. A continuous line of descendent from simple ancient organisms to more complex modern organisms
4. Organs & structures not used deteriorate, organs & structures that aid in survival are retained & strengthened
5. Adaptive changes in an organism are heritable (passed onto offspring) |
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Term
| Other Influences on Darwin's Thinking |
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Definition
1. Thomas Malthus, an Anglican minister & "doomsday" economist
2. Selective breeding |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested that unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and a ceaseless struggle for existence |
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Term
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Definition
1. Many traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
2. Selective breeding procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species-selected characteristics chosen by breeders, allowed to produce offspring
3. Darwin thinking influenced by the remarkable accomplishments of pigeon breeders
4. Might "natural" forces alter the features of living organisms over time? |
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Term
| Darwin's Voyage on the Beagle |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. On the trip, read Lyell's "Principles of Geology," became convinced of the uniformatarian view of an ancient & changing earth
2. South American flora & fauna were distinct from that found in Europe
3. Temperate South American flora and fauna were more similar to tropical South American flora and fauna than organisms in similar temperate climates in Europe
4. South American flora and fauna resembled fossil organisms in S. America
5. Struck by distinctive traits of island species that provided them ways to better exploit their native environment |
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Term
| Darwin's Observations on the Galapagos Islands |
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Definition
| On the Galapagos Island chain, found unique species (similar to distinct from mainland species), some unique to individual islands |
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Term
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Definition
| saw similarities in species yet noted that differences that provided them with specialized feeding strategies |
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Term
| Darwin's Conclusions:Descent with Modification |
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Definition
1. Two separated populations of a species could diverge as each adapted to local conditions
2. Or, if environmental conditions change dramatically, a species' characteristics could change over time
3. Over many generations, divergence could become pronounced enough to generate new species
4. A controversial assertion: going far enough back in time, all species related through ancestral connections |
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Term
| Darwin's Conceptual Framework |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If all individuals survive to reproduce to the extent they are capable of, populations would tend to grow exponentially |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental resources are often limited: Interference 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive activity can lead to a struggle for existence-not all individuals will survive this struggle: observation consistent with this interference-populations tend to remain stable in size over time (exponential increases are not typical) |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in many observable traits abounds in populations of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Much of this variation is heritable: Interference 2 & Interference 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Survival is not random, but may depend upon how well adapted an organism is to compete for resources; best fit individuals will leave more offspring (=Natural Selection) |
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Term
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Definition
| Populations will gradually change under the influence of natural selective pressures, will become better adapted for prevailing conditions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Darwin's theory preceded Mendel's genetics work; no conception of mechanism of inheritance
2. Genetics has allowed us to understand the relationship between traits and heritability |
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Term
| Key Features of the Modern Synthesis |
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Definition
1. Natural variation exists that is caused by random changes in the genetic material
2. Genetic changes may be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral
3. If genetic change promotes an individual's survival and/or ability to reproduce natural selection may increase the prevalence of that trait in future generations |
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Term
|
Definition
Much of what we know about the history of life on Earth comes from the study of fossils
1. Broad Patterns
2. A Changing Earth? |
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Term
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Definition
1. Simpler forms in lower strata, more complex forms in upper strata
2. Fossils show that many changes suddenly appear; gradual changes are relatively rare; punctuated equilibrium
3. Rapid rates of evolution have been suggested to occur when changes in the physical or biological environment create conditions that favor new traits
4. Emergence of novel features |
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Term
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Definition
| Cambrian "explosion" & transitional forms |
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Term
| Emergence of novel features |
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Definition
| Truly novel features of organisms appear infrequently; Most changes in fossil organisms involve alterations of structures that already exist in organisms from lower strata |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Sea levels
2. Advancing and retreating glaciers
3. Atmospheric composition
4. Temperature
5. Continental Drift
6. Meteorite impacts
7. Volcanic activity
8. Changes due to activities of organisms (photosynthesis)
9. Local climate changes |
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Term
| Examples of the Fossil Record |
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Definition
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Term
| Fishapods (Tiktaalik roseae) |
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Definition
1. Suggested to be "transitional form" between fish and tetrapods; provided link between earlier and later forms
2. Had broad skull, flexible neck, eyes on top, primitive wrist, & 5 fingers
3. Eye position would allow peeking about water to look for prey |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Fossil evidence suggests that, 200 mya, some oysters underwent shell changes
2. Smaller, curved shells were superseded by larger, flatter shells
3. Hypothesis: Flatter shells are more stable in disruptive water currents and so were better adapted if water currents became stronger |
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Term
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Definition
1. Study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species
2. Isolated continents and island groups have evolved their own distinct plant & animal communities
3. Geological change may foster separation of populations, set up distinct selection conditions |
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Term
| Study of the geographical distribution of extinct & modern species |
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Definition
1. Extinct species fossil distributions
2. Modern species distributions |
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Term
| Isolated continents and island groups have evolved their own distinct plant & animal communities |
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Definition
1. Immigration of initial populations, then divergence
2. Island species resemble those found on closest mainland, with adaptational changes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, occupy similar environments |
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Term
| Examples of proposed convergent traits |
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Definition
1. Giant anteater and echidna both have long snouts and tongues to feed on ants
2. Aerial rootlets for clinging to English ivy and wintercreeper
3. Overall body form of dolphins and fish
4. Antifreeze proteins in different very cold water fish |
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Term
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Definition
1. Similarities between organisms attributed to common evolutionary ancestor
2. Many different categories of homology have been used to establish relationships between species |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Anatomical Homology
2. Developmental Homology
3. Molecular Homology
4. Genetic Homology |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous structures are structures in different species that are proposed to be derived from a common ancestor |
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Term
| Examples of Anatomical Homology |
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Definition
1. Same set of bones in the limbs of modern vertebrates proposed to have undergone evolutionary change to be used for many different purposes
2. Vestigial structures are anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent current function (but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ear wiggling muscles, tailbone, appendix in humans
2. Pelvic bones in some snakes & whales |
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Term
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Definition
| Species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embryonic stages |
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Term
| Examples of Developmental Homology |
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Definition
1. Notochord in all chordates
2. Presence of branchial arches (gill ridges) in human embryos and fish embryos suggests common ancestor
3. Teeth in embryonic baleen whales
4. Long bony tails present in human embryos |
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Term
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Definition
1. Similarities in cells at the molecular level suggest to some that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors
2. All living species use DNA to store information
3. Certain biochemical pathways are found in all or nearly all species |
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Term
| All living species use DNA to store information |
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Definition
| Similar DNA (or amino acid) sequences that are thought to be inherited from a common ancestor are referred to as homologous |
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Term
| Certain biochemical pathways are found in all or nearly all species |
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Definition
| Glycolysis pathway, Kreb's cycle |
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Term
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Definition
1. Homologous genes-2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene
2. 2 sequences may be similar overall due to the same ancestral gene but not identical due to the independent accumulation of mutations over time |
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Term
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Definition
| May reveal possible molecular details of evolutionary change |
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Term
| 2 sequences may be similar overall due to the same ancestral gene but not identical due to the independent accumulation of mutations over time |
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Definition
| The longer the time since the hypothetical common ancestor, the greater the divergence |
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Term
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Definition
1. Known number of species: about 1.4 million
2. Estimates of unidentified species range from 2 to 100 million
3. Difficulty in identifying a "species" |
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Term
| Difficulty in identifying a "species" |
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Definition
| A single species may exist in 2 distinct populations that may be thought to be in the slow process of evolving into 2 or more distinct species |
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Term
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Definition
1. Morphological Species Concept
2. Biological Species Concept
3. Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Species Concept
4. Ecological Species Concept |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. Species are identified by having a unique combination fo physical traits
2. Historically, emphasized physical traits, but now extended to include DNA/protein sequence traits |
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Term
| Advantage of Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. Can be applied to all organisms, both asexual and sexually reproducing
2. Can be applied to extinct organisms |
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Term
| Drawbacks of Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. How many/which traits should be considered?
2. Traits often vary in a continuous way, so where to draw the line?
3. Members of the same species can look very different while members of a different species (defined in other ways) can look very similar |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. A species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species
2. Defined by reproductive isolation in natural environments (hybrids may be possible in artificial environments such as the laboratory or zoos) |
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Term
| 2 problems of Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. May be difficult to determine if 2 populations are truly reproductively isolated
2. Cannot be applied to asexual species, or extinct species |
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Term
| Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| A species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic relationship between an individual or group of individuals and its ancestors |
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Term
| Drawbacks to Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| Lineages difficult to examine and identity; often times controversial |
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Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. Each species occupies a unique ecological niche
2. Within their own niche, members of a given species compete with each other for survival |
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Term
| Each species occupies a unique ecological niche |
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Definition
| Unique set of habitat resources that a species requires, as well as its influence on the environment and other species |
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Term
| Within their own niche, members of a given species compete with each other for survival |
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Definition
1. If 2 organisms are very similar, their needs will overlap, which results in competition
2. Such competing individuals are likely to be of the same species
3. Useful for identification of asexually reproducing species, such as bacterial or protist species |
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Term
| Drawbacks to Ecological Species Concept |
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Definition
1. Depends on how fully the niche, needs of the organisms are known
2. Convergent Evolution? |
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Term
|
Definition
1. By far, flowering plants make up the most diverse plant division
2. More flowering plant species than all others combined
3. All Plants exhibit "alternation of generations" |
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Term
| "Alternation of generations" |
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Definition
| Sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase; the spores of the latter reinitiate the haploid phase |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Microscopic in flowering plants
2. Produce gametes by mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
1. In flowering plants, large, independent, recognizable "plant"
2. Produces spores by meiosis |
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Term
| Flowering Plant Reproductive Development |
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Definition
1. Mature flowering plants produce seeds and fruits
2. Flower tissues enclose and protect tiny male & female gametophytes
3. Fruits enclose seeds and function in seed dispersal
4. Seeds enclose plant embryos |
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Term
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Definition
1. Annuals
2. Biennials
3. Perennials |
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Term
|
Definition
| plants that die after producing seeds during their 1st year of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| plants that do not reproduce the 1st year but may the following year |
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Term
|
Definition
| plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seed every year after maturity |
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Term
| Growth & Development of Plants |
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Definition
1. Four Essential Processes
2. Additional principles included |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Cell division, growth, cell specialization, & apoptosis
2. Cell migration does not occur during development of plants (unlike animals)-cells mature, differentiate where they are laid down |
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Term
| Additional principles include |
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Definition
1. Development & maintenance of a distinctive architecture throughout life
2. Maintenance of a population of stem cells in meristems
3. Growth by expansion of cells in controlled directions, by water uptake |
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Term
| Maintenance of a population of stem cells in meristems |
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Definition
| Meristematic stem cells divide to renew meristem, and leave cells behind to differentiate |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Apical Meristems
2. Primary Meristems
3. Secondary Meristems |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Shoot apical meristem (SAM)
2. Root apical meristem (RAM) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branch
2. Produces shoot system |
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Term
|
Definition
| stems, branches, leaves, and other organ systems |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Rapidly dividing cells at root tips
2. Produces root systems |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| SAM & RAM produce additional meristematic tissues (primary meristems) that produce the specialized cell types that produce new tissues & organs |
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Term
| Three types of Primary Meristems |
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Definition
1. Protoderm
2. Procambium
3. Ground meristem |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| produces vascular tissues (primary xylem & phloem) |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces ground tissues (cortex, pith) |
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Term
|
Definition
Surround the established stem of a plant & cause it to grow laterally (i.e. larger in girth/diameter)
1. vascular cambium
2. cork cambium |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Plant meristems contain stem cells that remain undifferentiated but can produce new cells capable of differentiating into specialized tissues
2. Plant stem cell divides to produce one cell that remains unspecialized and another cell that is capable of differentiating into various types of specialized cells |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Growth involves producing new cells & cell expansion
2. Expansion occurs when water enters the central vacuole by osmosis-allows rapid plant growth |
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Term
| General functions/characteristics |
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Definition
1. Main photosynthetic systems
2. Site of gas exchange-susceptible to water loss, drying |
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Term
| Leaf adaptations/specialization |
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Definition
1. Leaf form
2. Leaf venation
3. Leaf surface features
4. Modified leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
1. simple leaves
2. complex or compound leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
| only one blade, advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption |
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Term
| Complex or compound leaves |
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Definition
| dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation |
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Term
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Definition
| Eudicot leaves have pinnate or palmate venation-netted veins with branching patterns provide more support to the leaf |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Cuticle on epidermis helps with various things
2. Guard cells regulate stomatal opening and closing
3. Trichomes offer protection from excessive light, ultraviolet radiation, extreme air temperature, or attack by herbivores |
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Term
| Cuticle on epidermis helps |
|
Definition
1. Avoid desiccation
2. Filter UV radiation
3. Reduce microbe and animal attack |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most leaves function primarily in photosynthesis |
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|
Term
| Modified leaves can be modified for other roles |
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Definition
1. Tendrils
2. Tough scales that protect buds
3. Poinsettia "petals"
4. Cactus spines |
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Term
| General functions/characteristics of leaves |
|
Definition
1. Supports for the plant body
2. Carries nutrients throughout plant (in vascular tissues)
3. Defense system to protect against predators & infection
4. Few millimeters to 100 meters length
5. Produce leaves, branches, & flowers
6. Hold leaves up
7. May function in storage and photosynthesis
8. Contain nodes-attachment for leaves & branches
9. Internodes-regions between the nodes
10. Buds-contain meristematic tissue, areas of growth (stems, leaves, flowers) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Primary vascular tissue
2. Secondary vascular tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| derived from primary meristem (procambium) |
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|
Term
| Secondary vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| derived from secondary meristem (vascular cambium) |
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|
Term
| Herbaceous vascular tissue |
|
Definition
1. Non-woody
2. Plants produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Produce primary and secondary vascular tissue
2. Woody plants begin as herbaceous seedling with only primary vascular systems |
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