Term
| Established in 1838/1839 by Schleiden and Schwann. States that cells are the basic unit of life and that all cells originated from pre-existing cells. Disproved the concept of establishment that life cannot form spontaneously. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells vary dramatically in ______, ______, and ______, but there are specific features that they all have in common and that separate living. |
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Definition
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Term
| Features that all cells have in common that separate living |
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Definition
| Organization, metabolism, growth, adaptability, and reproduction |
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Term
| All life forms are characterized by high levels of order |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in size of cells. Surface area and volume increase fastest and there is an increase in the cell number |
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Definition
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Term
| High metabolic rates and increasing chance of survival in the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Organism and environment relationships. Deals with the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| All life forms will die so this is essential for continuation of species |
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Definition
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Term
| Although living cells may vary in their appearances, they all have similar ______ _______ that function in a similar fashion. |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic instructions for all living cells are stored in _______ molecules which are polymer chains comprised of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The specific sequence of nucleotides for each gene functions by determining the production of a particular ______ molecule through a process known as _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The RNA molecule that functions in the production of a specific protein molecule through a process known as _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When cells replicate there are occasionally errors that occur. These changes in the DNA are termed ________ that result in modified offspring which can be detrimental or beneficial depending upon the change. The struggle for survival eliminates the first and favors the second. |
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Definition
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Term
| The principles of change and selections, applied repeatedly over billions of cell generations are the ________ ________ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic evidence indicates that all present day cells have evolved from a _________ _______ that originated approximately 3.5-3.8 billion years ago. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide the instructions for cellular form, function, and complex behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| The complete genetic composition that provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to function. |
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Definition
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Term
| With very few exceptions, cells are beyond the resolving power of the human eye, which is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Most cells have a diameter of approximately ______ - ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Newton was the first scientist to provide insight into this. Consists of individual particles (photons). Characterized with the electromagnetic spectrum. Particles oscillate and produce a sine factor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of oscillations in a given time frame (nm or A), correlated to color |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| There is a correlation between _________ and energy content |
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Definition
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Term
| There is an inverse relation between _______ and energy content |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability for photons to super impose (layer) |
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Definition
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Term
| Enhances resolution of a light microscope |
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Definition
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Term
| Ratio between the velocity at which light is transmitted through a vacuum and the velocity at which it is transmitted through a transmitting medium such as glass |
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Definition
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Term
| Refractive index values: air = ______, glass = ________, Immersion oil = ______, water = ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Wavelengths of visual light: red = _______, green = _________, blue-violet = _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Continuous curvature on a lens |
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Definition
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Term
| Photon will be refracted when it hits air when passing through this type of lens |
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Definition
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Term
| The area near the lens with greatest curvature will increase refraction the most |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple focal points result in blurred images when light passes through the lens |
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Definition
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Term
| Blurred images in optical systems |
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Definition
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Term
| Iris of the eyeball is a physical barrier to photons |
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Definition
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Term
| Polychromatic light (multiple frequencies) or monochromatic light (single frequency). Shorter the frequency, the greater the degree of refraction |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally used by biologists to investigate the internal ultrastructure of specimens. Capable of resolving particles 0.1 nm in diamter |
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Definition
| Transmission electron microscope |
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Term
| Generally used to study the surface of topography of specimens. Capable of resolving particles 0.5 nm in diameter |
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Definition
| Scanning electron microscope |
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Term
| Fixation: use of chemicals to stabilize proteins and unsaturated lipids, embedment in epon based plastic resin, sectioning of ultra-thin sections of tissue (approximately 70 nm thick), stain specimens with heavy metal, view and photograph specimen |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical used to stabilize proteins during TEM procedures |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical used to stabilize unsaturated lipids during TEM procedures, heavy metal, only compound that is able to stabilize unsaturated lipids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of reactions that are temperature-dependent |
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Definition
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Term
| An instrument used to section tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Heavy metals used to stain specimens in TEM procedures |
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Definition
| Lead citrate and uranyl acetate |
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Term
| Designed to cut tissue 50-70 nm. Has an arm that extends from unit and capsule goes into the arm and knife goes into another unit |
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Definition
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Term
| Atoms with a _______ atomic weight will have their electrons deviated if they come in contact with a heavy metal |
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Definition
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Term
| Dark area indicates the presence of a ________ _________ while a light area indicates that |
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Definition
| Heavy metals, no heavy metals |
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Term
| In order to obtain a good image when using an electron microscope, the specimen must be __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Used to put a very thin coat of a metal or metal colloid on the surface of a specimen |
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Definition
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Term
| Fixation of tissue similar to that of the TEM, surface of specimen has to be conductive so the surface must be coated with a thin layer (90 A) of a metal, such as pure gold or with an alloy (gold palladium), view and photograph specimen |
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Definition
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Term
| Enables scientist to view living specimens without the use of vital (deadly) dyes. Used when cells are to be studied and kept in a viable state. Specifically designed to take advantage of the phasing phenomenon |
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Definition
| Phase contrast microscope |
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Term
| Enables scientists to localize and identify the presence of specific molecules within or on a cell by means of fluorochromes. The flourochrome is attached to a specific antibody that will bind to the protein of interest. Must utilize UV light. |
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Definition
| Fluorescent microscopes and confocal microscopes |
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Term
| Fluoresce when exposed to ultra-violet light |
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Definition
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Term
| Colloidal gold is often used linked with antibody, emitted radiation (wavelengths are greater than UV light), localize a particular protein, purify and isolate out antibody from rabbit blood (rabbit anti-tubulin primary), draw goat blood, isolate and purify out antibody (2 goat anti-rabbit secondary), fluorochrome isn't attached to the primary antibody because of binding capacity of primary-secondary, microtubule tubulin (protein) |
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Definition
| Process of fluorescent microscope |
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Term
| Proteins that will never be produced until exposed to a foreign molecule, most often a protein (antigen) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cause production of an antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| Will produce antibodies (humoral response) in the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell mediated response in the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| Enables scientists to obtain high resolution views of molecules, such as DNA and proteins which are a hydrated state (their native state) and it employs an extremely fine tipped probe that scans over the surface of a molecule and generates an image on a monitor, increases resolution, can be used in nanotechnology |
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Definition
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Term
| It is possible to isolate certain tissue types and cells from a variety of organisms and __________ them in specifically designed culture flasks or dishes |
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Definition
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Term
| Experiments performed using cultured cells are carried out _________ (in glass) |
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Definition
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Term
| Experiments performed using intact organisms are carried out in _________ (in the living) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that are cultured have a _________ life expectancy and will undergo a finite number of cellular divisions |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ cell is basically immortal, has longevity |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells derived directly from an organ, such as the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Cultured malignant cell lines are classified as |
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Definition
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Term
| Isolate the organ: never let it dry out by putting it in a buffer solution, separate the cells both mechanically and then by means of a proteolytic enzyme such as trypsin, separate the cells by centrifugation or by means of fluorescence activated cell sorter: there are relatively low g forces to overcome force of diffusion for big clumps of cells, cells are cultured in a specific growth media: relatively small amount goes into flask |
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Definition
| Basic procedures used to obtain a cell line |
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Term
| It is possible to obtain large quantities of a single type of antibody through the utilization of |
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Definition
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Term
| When a ________ _________ (taken from a mammal that has been injected with an antigen A) is fused with a tumor cell (_______), the resulting hybrid cells divide indefinitely and secrete anti-A antibodies of a single type (________ __________) |
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Definition
| B lymphocyte, lymphoma, monoclonal antibodies |
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Term
| Fusion of hybrid cells can be initiated through the use of either _______ or a mild _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms whose cells possess a nucleus, a double membrane enclosure that contains the genetic material of the cell. The nucleolus, a structure within the nucleus, functions in the production of rRNA. The DNA associated with proteins; nucleoproteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus (no nuclear envelope) are |
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Definition
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Term
| Two domains of prokaryotes |
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Definition
| Eubacteria (simply bacteria) and Archaea |
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Term
| Incredible ability to live in extremely hostile environments, found in most habitats of the earth as well as in very hostile environments, such as hot springs, concentrated brine, etc |
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Definition
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Term
| Have a cell wall and a single stranded DNA molecule. Some are aerobic (utilize molecular oxygen and oxidize food molecules) and some are anaerobic (killed in the presence of oxygen) |
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Definition
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Term
| Some prokaryotes can live on inorganic substances _______ and _________; and other requirements from water and inorganic materials. Some prokaryotes perform photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Comprised of a phospholipid bilayer. Protioglycan: protein with sugar. Proteins are embedded in the membrane at various sites. Specific carbohydrates are occasionally bound to the protein (glycoprotein). Membrane-bound proteins have various functions - transport complexes, recognition sites, receptor sites, etc |
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Definition
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Term
| Building block for sex hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Enclosed by a double membrane which contains pores. Contains chromatin material. Not always a sphere, enclosed in nuclear envelope that consists of two membranes which contains nuclear pores |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA-protein complexes found in all eukaryotes in the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| Site where rRNA is synthesized and it is critical because it is where ribosomes are synthesized |
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Definition
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Term
| Condensed DNA/protein complexes: shut down genes (dense area in nucleus) |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffuse DNA/protein complexes: active genes, if not turned on, genes have the capacity to be turned on |
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Definition
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Term
| Responsible for the formation of most of the ATP molecules produced in the cell through the complex oxidation of glucose. It has an internal membrane, the cristae, in which the enzymes and protein systems required for electron transport are embedded. Not always cylindrical. Increase in surface area. ATP with cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane-bound structures found only in plants and algae. Contain chlorophyll molecules. It is responsible for the formation of glucose and molecular oxygen from the reactants carbon dioxide and water. Energy source to drive the reactions is sunlight |
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Definition
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Term
| Particles, comprised of rRNA and proteins, responsible for the synthesis of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Elaborate membrane system that has ribosomes attached to the membrane. Protein products are secreted by the cell. Protein synthesis. |
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Definition
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Small vesicles of smooth membranes that have several functions, including chemically modifying toxic compounds. Synthesis site for steroid synthesis. Powerful oxidizing enzyme systems involved in the detoxification of toxins that enter the body. Metabolism of lipids |
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Definition
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Processes molecules that are distributed throughout the cell and especially secretory proteins. Many vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles that contain high concentrations of digestive enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| Filaments of various proteins and diameters that are distributed throughout the cell. Actin (thinnest): movement, involved in generating contractile forces. Intermediate (middle thickness): provides tensile strength for the cell, integrity allows cells to maintain configuration. Microtubules (thickest): involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Infrastructure of cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Eucaryotes, eubacteria, and archeaan lineages diverged from one another ________ in the evolution of life |
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Definition
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Term
| Later in their evolution, eukaryotes acquired ________ and then even later they acquired __________ |
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Definition
| Mitochondria, chloroplasts |
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Term
| Since it is believed that all forms of life on the planet evolved from a common ancestor, their fundamental properties have been conserved through evolution. Various model organisms have been studied extensively: bacteria (Escherichia coli), a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a plant (Arabidopsis thaliana), an insect (Drosophila melanogaster), a nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), and a mammal (mice) |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of two or more atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of two or more different atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Life is based on _______ ________ and depends on reactions that occur in water or aqueous solutions |
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Definition
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Term
| Material of which all matter is made. Composition: positively charged proton, neutrally charged neutron, and negatively charged electron |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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Definition
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Term
| All atoms of the same element have the same _______ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| During conventional chemical reactions only those electrons in the _______ energy shells are altered |
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Definition
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Term
| Atoms which do not have the maximum number of electrons in their outer energy shell are __________ and will undergo a chemical reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| The maximum number of electrons for the first energy shell is _______, while _______ is the maximum number of electrons for the remaining energy shells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Form by the gain or loss of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Form by the sharing of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Form between hydrogen and oxygen or between hydrogen and nitrogen in biological systems. Can also form between hydrogen and fluorine. Extremely hydrophobic. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bond strength is measured by the amount of ________ that must be supplied to break a bond, usually expressed in units of _________ |
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Definition
| Energy, kilocalories (kcal/mole) |
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Term
| Covalent bonds are usually associated with rater high _______ _______ ________ values |
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Definition
| Negative free energy (-ΔG) |
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Term
| ______ chemical bonds have free energy values of -1 to -2 kcal/mole, which are only slightly greater than the kinetic energy of heat motion which is 0.6 kcal/mole |
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Definition
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Term
| The free energies of hydrogen and ionic bonds range between _______ and _______ kcal/mole, respectively |
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Definition
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Term
| The average lifetime of a single weak bond is only a fraction of a _______. The cells don't need special mechanisms to speed up the process. Thus, catalysts don't participate in reactions associated with weak bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrogen bonds are _______ than covalent bonds, yet _______ than van der Waals bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| When compared to other common liquids, water has a _______ melting point, boiling point, latent heat of vaporization, heat capacity, and surface tension |
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Definition
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Term
| Measure of the energy necessary to separate molecules of the liquid from one another - a measure of the strength of intermolecular forces. Provides the cooling capacity of evaporating water used by organisms to help regulate body temperature. Keratin makes up upper layer of epidermis and is very hydrophobic |
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Definition
| Latent heat of vaporization |
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Term
| Enables water to function as the heat "buffer" to protect labile structures of the cell from thermal destruction by short lived releases of thermal energy |
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Definition
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Term
| The result of hydrogen bonds that form between adjacent water molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| A hydrocarbon, non-hydrogen bonding molecules will form van der Waals bonds, but will not dissolve or form hydrogen bonds in water. Hydrophobic |
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Definition
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Term
| Will form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, however, these interactions are not as stable (energy wise) as water to water hydrogen bonds. Thus, it has limited solubility in water. Polar molecule and hydrophilic |
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Definition
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Term
| Ionized into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions in an aqueous environment. <7 pH |
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Definition
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Term
| Dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations in an aqueous environment. >7 pH |
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Definition
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Term
| Totally dissociates when placed in an aqueous environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Does not totally dissociate when placed in an aqueous environment |
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Definition
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Term
| A significant number of biological molecules are very sensitive to _______ in pH |
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Definition
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Term
| Made by combining a weak acid with the salt form of that acid. Prevent significant shifts in pH. Carbonic acid based buffer system in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| It can react with one to several hundred other ________ atoms to form large molecules of many different shapes (polymerization). Many _______ compounds do not dissolve easily in water, making them useful materials for building body structures (Collagen is primary structural protein in the human body and keratin is a metabolic structural protein that is extremely hydrophobic). The chain of ________ atoms in organic molecule is the _______ skeleton. Attached to the ______ skeleton are distinctive functional groups, in which other elements form bonds with carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Small organic molecules can combine to form very large molecules (__________ or ________), when composed of repeating units called __________ |
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Definition
| Macromolecules, polymers, monomers |
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Term
| When two monomers join together, the reaction is usually _________ _________ |
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Definition
| Dehydration synthesis (anabolic reaction) |
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Term
| Macromolecules break down into monomers usually by |
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Definition
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Term
| A molecule is being synthesized |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A major source of CO2 in the blood is |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide most of the energy needed for life and included sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common structural carbohydrate in nature. Polysaccharide. Can only be broken down by some microorganisms and protozoans |
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Definition
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Term
| Some carbohydrates are converted to other substances that are used to build structures and generate |
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Definition
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Term
| Some carbohydrates function as |
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Definition
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Term
| The general structural rule for carbohydrates is ______ carbon for each ______ molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates are divided into three major groups based on their size: |
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Definition
| Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
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Term
| Contain three to seven carbon atoms and include glucose, a hexose that is the main energy-supplying compound of the body (Deoxyribose: 5 carbon, fructose: 6 carbon) |
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Definition
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Term
| Formed from two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis; they can be split back into simple sugars by hydrolysis (Glucose + fructose = sucrose, Glucose + galctose = lactose, Glucose + glucose = maltose) |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of monosaccharides. Celery is an example that cannot be broken down by the human body. It provides bulk for waste. It expends more energy to chew it than it contribute in calories. Glycogen is stored in the liver or skeletal muscle and is the principal type of this kind of carbohydrate. When tissues need glucose, glycogen is broken down. Starches (potatoes and grains) are glucose-based |
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Definition
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Term
| Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Contain less oxygen and have a larger ratio of hydrogen to oxygen than carbohydrates. Most complex/diverse of all organic compounds. Have fewer covalent bonds and thus are mostly insoluble in polar solvents such as water (hydrophobic). 5 class: fatty acids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids |
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Definition
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Term
| These molecules are composed of a long chain of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group at one end. Hydrophobic. |
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Definition
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Term
| The molecule has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (animal fats that are solid at room temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| The molecule has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (oils that are liquid at room temperature) |
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Definition
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Term
| A monoglyceride is a glycerol and one fatty acid; a diglyceride is a glycerol and two fatty acids. Triglycerides are composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids. The glycerol and fatty acid components are linked together by means of a dehydration synthesis and are broken apart by a hydrolysis reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Most plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation, and energy (both immediate and stored). At room temperature, may be either solid (fats) or liquids (oils). Provide more than twice as much energy per gram as either carbohydrates or proteins. Storage is virtually unlimited. Excess dietary carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils will be deposited in adipose tissue. The type of covalent bonds (and by inference, number of hydrogen atoms) found in the fatty acids determines whether it is saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Are stored as fat droplets within cells. They store vitamins (A, D, E, K) which is good, but, they can also store drugs and toxins (pesticides, DDT) which can be harmful |
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Definition
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Term
| These molecules have four rings of carbon atoms. Include sex hormones and cholesterol, with cholesterol serving as an important component of cell membranes and as starting material for synthesizing others. Hydrophobic because of hydrocarbons. (Estrogen and Testosterone) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipids that contain a phosphate group |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipids that are attached to a carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipids that contain a phosphate group and Lipids that are attached to a carbohydrate are structural lipids, because they help form and maintain intracellular membranes (biological membranes) |
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Definition
| Phospholipids and Glycolipids |
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Term
| Most abundant and diverse organic component of the body. Give structure to the body (organs), regulate processes (enzymes), provide protection (waterproof - hair, nails, skin; antibodies - protect from disease; clotting - protect from hemorrhage), help muscles to contract, and transport substances (hormones) |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are constructed from specific combinations of the 20 naturally occurring _________ _________, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Linked together through a peptide bond that forms by a dehydration reaction (loss of water). The resulting polypeptide chain may contain 10 to more than 2,000 ______ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The eventual ________ that a protein assumes determines the molecule's function and greatly influences its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ of a protein by the introduction of a hostile environment, such as heat, causes loss of the molecule's characteristic shape (primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, or quaternary structure). The frying of an egg |
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Definition
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Term
| Organic catalysts that function in biological systems by accelerating the rates of chemical reactions. Names usually end in the suffix ase. Speed up chemical reactions by increasing frequency of collisions, lowering the activation energy and properly orienting the colliding molecules. Catalyze specific reactions with great speed and efficiency. There are some that are capable of catalyzing as many as 100,000 reactions per second. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes are ________ _________ in terms of the substrate with which they react and the molecules are subject to a great deal of cellular control |
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Definition
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Term
| Large organic molecules (macromolecules) that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Two classes: DNA and RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells throughout a lifetime |
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Term
| Relays instructions from the genes in the cell's nucleus to guide each cell's assembly of amino acids into proteins by the ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic units or building blocks of nucleic acids which are composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil), a pentose (5 carbon) sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. |
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Definition
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Term
| Class of nitrogenous bases made up of adenine and guanine |
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Definition
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Term
| Class of nitrogenous bases made up of cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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Definition
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Term
| The base __________ is found only in DNA, while the base ______ is present only in RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| The principal energy-storing molecule in the body. The molecule consists of three phosphate groups attached to an adenosine unit composed of adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose. Critical roles in all life forms. |
|
Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
| Cells make ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP through _________. The energy for this reaction is obtained primarily from the breakdown of sugars and other type of degradative reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Tagged with a phosphate group |
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Definition
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Term
| When ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate, energy is __________ and the cells can use this energy to power essential activities. ATPase is the enzyme needed for the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Among the cellular activities for which ATP provides _________ are muscular contractions, chromosome movement during cell division, cytoplasmic movement within cells, membrane transport processes, and synthesis reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants and photosynthetic bacteria have evolved a complex mechanism for the conversion of electromagnetic energy associated with sunlight into chemical bond energy for the cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Plants use the process of photosynthesis to convert _________ (atmosphere) and ________ (soil) into a carbohydrate (________). The driving force is the energy associated with __________ |
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Definition
| CO2, H2O, glucose, sunlight |
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Term
| Sunglight is captured and stored as chemical bond energy in special molecules (NADPH) that carry energy in their reactive chemical groups. Molecular O2, derived from the splitting of H2O by light, is released as a by product of this |
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Definition
| Light dependent stage of photosynthesis (Stage I) |
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Term
| The high energy carriers produced are used to drive a "carbon-fixation" process in which carbohydrates are manufactured from CO2 gas and H2O |
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Definition
| Stage II of photosynthesis |
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Term
| The atmosphere has a high concentration of O2. In the presence of oxygen, the most energetically stable form of carbon is CO2 and for that of hydrogen it is H2O. A cell, therefore, is able to obtain energy from carbohydrates and other organic molecules by allowing their carbon and hydrogen atoms to combine with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ and _____________ _____________ are complementary processes in the biological world |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis, Cellular respiration |
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Term
| In order to maintain life, cells require a source of energy. The high degree of order that is evident in all cells is made possible by the _________ ________ that takes place within the cell which provide the energy that is necessary to maintain the organization |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ _________ (construction of proteins) are always linked in some manner with _______ _______ (breakdown of ATP) |
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Definition
| Anabolic reactions, catabolic reactions |
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Term
| Concerns a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another - in essence, the removal of electrons Fe^+2 -> Fe^+3 + electron |
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Definition
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Term
| Relates to a chemical reaction in which electrons are received by an atom - in essence, the addition of electrons. electron + chlorine -> Cl^- |
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Definition
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Term
| Always occur simultaneously. Example when a carbohydrate molecule is oxidized to form CO2 and H2O, the O2 molecules involved in forming H2O gain electrons and, thus are reduced |
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Definition
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Term
| When a molecule in a cell adds an electron, it often also picks up a _________ at the same time (plentiful in the water of a cell). The net effect is the addition of a hydrogen atom to the molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| A proton plus an electron involved in the reaction (instead of just an electron) are technically considered to be reductions |
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Definition
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Term
| A proton minus an electron involved in the reaction (instead of just an electron) are technically considered to be oxidations |
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Definition
| Dehydrogenation reactions |
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Term
| It is easy to determine whether an organic molecule is being oxidized or reduced: reduction occurs if the number of C-H bonds _________, whereas, oxidation occurs if the number of C-H bonds __________ |
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Definition
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