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| -He challenged spontaneous generation theory by showing that a sealed flask of broth did not “spontaneously” gave rise to life (microbes). |
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Definition
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Term
| -He also noted that an open flask of broth did give rise to life (microbes). |
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Definition
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Term
| -Conclusions also demonstrated cellular fission of the microbes within the broth; showing microbes have “parents”. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Important principles of germ theory |
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Definition
-Chain of infection
-Pure culture
-Colonies |
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Definition
| A culture from a single parental cell |
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Term
|
Definition
1: Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy organisms.
2: Microorganism must be isolated/grown in pure culture.
3: Same disease must result when microorganism is inoculated in healthy host.
4: Same microorganism must be isolated from 2nd diseased host.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy organisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Microorganism must be isolated/grown in pure culture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Same disease must result when microorganism is inoculated in healthy host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same microorganism must be isolated from 2nd diseased host. |
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Term
| exception to Koch's 1st postulate |
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Definition
| Pathogens can infect an individual and cause no symptoms. |
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Term
| Exception to Koch's 3rd postulate |
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Definition
| There can be some pathogens for which there’s no model organism to study it. |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which microbes gain energy by converting sugars into alcohol |
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Term
| introduced smallpox inoculation-1717 |
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Definition
| Lady Mary Wortley Montagu |
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Term
| deliberately infected patients with matter from cowpox -1749-1823. |
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Definition
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Term
-ordered doctors to wash their hands with chlorine, an antiseptic agent.
-Mortality rates fell-1847. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| -developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments-1865. |
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Term
| -developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments-1865. |
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Definition
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Term
| Howard Florey and Ernst Chain |
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Definition
| purified penicillin. The first commercial antibiotic to save human lives-1941. |
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Term
| the importance of microbes to the environment |
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Definition
[image]
All life depends on these oxidative and reductive conversions of nitrogen—most of which are performed only by microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to distinguish small objects close together |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in color intensity between an object and its background. This is needed for full resolution. |
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Term
| how bright field microscopy works |
|
Definition
1. Light from the source is focused on specimen by condenser.
2. Light then enters objective lens where it is magnified into a real image.
3. The real image is magnified by the ocular lenses to produce a virtual image. |
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Term
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Definition
| image of object magnified only by objective lens |
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Term
|
Definition
| objectives on revolving nosepiece |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Objective Lens (Magnification Varies) |
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Term
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Definition
| Condenser (Collects and direct lights) |
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Term
| limitations of bright field microscopy |
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Definition
| -0.2μm distance between objects is best a bright-field can resolve. It can't detect viruses. -Most cells are colorless -Staining kills cells -Refraction of light is problematic |
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Term
|
Definition
| enable microbes to be visualized as halos of bright light against darkness |
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Term
| how Dark-field optics works |
|
Definition
-Light shines at oblique angle.
-Only light scattered by sample reaches objective.
[image] |
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Term
| how Phase-contrast microscopy works |
|
Definition
Refractive differences in cell components are transformed into differences in light intensity.
[image] |
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Term
| Why is staining microbes important? |
|
Definition
-Increases visibility
-Preserves sample
-Highlights morphological features |
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Term
|
Definition
| where cells are made to adhere to a slide in a fixed position |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heat- (FLAME)- preserves morphology but inactivates enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical -(ETHANOL)- preserves morphology and may also inactivate enzymes |
|
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Term
| some basic dyes that are used |
|
Definition
-METHYLENE BLUE
-CRYSTAL VIOLET
-SAFRANIN
-Hematoxylin |
|
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Term
| the molecules basic dyes bind to |
|
Definition
negatively charged ones, such as...
-Nucleic Acid
-Surface of Bacteria |
|
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Term
| some acidic dyes that are used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acidic dyes used often for... |
|
Definition
| cellular structures or background |
|
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Term
| types of differential staining |
|
Definition
-Gram
-Acid-fast
-Endospore |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distinguishes bacteria based on cell-wall properties into two groups: Gram-positive (or) Gram-negative |
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Term
|
Definition
| A diagnostic stain for mycobacteria, which retain the dye fuchsin because of mycolic acids in the cell wall |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| for vegetative and dormant spore |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| the 5 steps of Gram staining |
|
Definition
1: add methanol to the cells to fix the cells to the surface, then air-dry
2: add crystal violet stain (1 minute)
3: add iodine to bind stain to Gram positive cells (1 minute)
4: wash with ethanol for 20 seconds
5: add safranin counterstain (1 min) |
|
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Term
| the 1st step of Gram staining |
|
Definition
add methanol to the cells to fix the cells to the surface, then air-dry
Gram positive: clear
Gram negative: clear |
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Term
| the 2nd step of Gram staining |
|
Definition
add crystal violet stain (1 minute)
Gram positive: purple
Gram negative: purple |
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Term
| the 3rd step of Gram staining |
|
Definition
add iodine to bind stain to Gram positive cells (1 minute)
Gram positive: purple
Gram negative: purple |
|
|
Term
| the 5th step of Gram staining |
|
Definition
add safranin counterstain (1 min)
Gram positive: putple
Gram negative: pink |
|
|
Term
| binding of Gram stain at the molecular level |
|
Definition
[image]
In a Gram-positive cell, multiple layers of peptidoglycan retain the crystal violet–iodide complex. In a Gram-negative cell, the stain leaks out. |
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Term
| Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) |
|
Definition
| the electron beam is scattered from the metal-coated surface of an object, creating a 3D image |
|
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Term
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
|
Definition
| the electron beam travels through the object, where the electrons are absorbed by an electron-dense metal stain |
|
|
Term
| some advantages of electron microscopy |
|
Definition
-Electron beam wavelength is 100,000x shorter than visible light.
-Great resolution
-Points closer than 0.5nm can be visualized as distinct.
-Useful for visualization of viruses & small cell structures. |
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Term
| GENERAL BACTERIA CHARACTERISTICS |
|
Definition
-Single celled
-Peptidoglycan cell wall
-Lack membrane bound nucleus
-Found in soil/water/air
-Some species may survive extreme temp/pH/salt |
|
|
Term
| are pili or fimbriae evenly distributed (or at poles)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAPSULE (ALSO CALLED GLYCOCALYX) |
|
Definition
| Slippery outer layer composed of loosely bound polysaccharides |
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|
Term
| The bilayer in bacterial cells contains ______, such as hopanoids. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In bacterial membranes, the reinforcing agents are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how hopanoids affect the bacterial cell membrane |
|
Definition
| by limiting the motion of phospholipid tails, thus stiffening the membrane |
|
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Term
| functions of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
-Structural support
-Detection of environmental signals
-Secretion of virulence factors and communication signals
-Ion transport and energy storage |
|
|
Term
| the types of molecules that require transporters |
|
Definition
| Polar molecules and charged molecules |
|
|
Term
| bacterial cell wall aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the cell wall does for the bacterial cell |
|
Definition
-confers shape and rigidity to the cell.
-Protects the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| A disaccharide unit of glycan has... |
|
Definition
an attached peptide of four to six amino acids.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| PEPTIDOGLYCAN STRUCTURE (ALSO CALLED MUREIN) |
|
Definition
-Meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long strands.
-Two alternating sugars:
--N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
--N- acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
-Amino acids
-These are glycan chains cross-linked w/ peptides of amino acids
[image] |
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|
Term
| the 2 alternating sugars in peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
-N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
-N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) |
|
|
Term
| composition of peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
These are glycan chains cross-linked w/ peptides of amino acids
-N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
-N- acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
[image] |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that cross-links the amino acids in peptidoglycan |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Have multiple layers of peptidoglycan.
--3-20 layers
--Threaded by teichoic acids
-The S-layer is a tough surface layer |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| phosphodiester-linked chains of glycerol or ribitol that threads through and reinforces the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria |
|
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Term
| what teichoic acid does for staining |
|
Definition
| Negatively charged cross-threads help retain basic dyes. |
|
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Term
| Teichoic acids are found in... |
|
Definition
| the Gram- positive cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Teichoic acids constst of... |
|
Definition
| glycerol or ribitol phosphodiester chains |
|
|
Term
| function of teichoic acids |
|
Definition
| to reinforce layers of peptidoglycan |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| function of lipoproteins in Gram-negative bacteria |
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Definition
| Connects outer membrane to peptidoglycan |
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Term
| why Gram-negative bacteria are more dangerous than Gram-positive |
|
Definition
| because the Gram-negative outer membrane confers defensive abilities and toxigenic properties on many pathogens, perhaps by way of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the surface of the outer membrane, since LPS act as endotoxin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cell component that is harmless as long as the pathogen remains intact; but when released by a lysed cell, endotoxin overstimulates host defenses, inducing potentially lethal endotoxic shock |
|
|
Term
| what happens when an endotoxin, like LPS, is released? |
|
Definition
| it overstimulates host defenses, inducing potentially lethal endotoxic shock; this causes a cytokine storm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| found in many free-living bacteria and archaea, it is a crystalline layer of thick subunits consisting of protein or glycoprotein and may contribute to cell shape and help protect the cell from osmotic stress |
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Term
|
Definition
-possibly cell shape
-protecting the cell from osmotic stress
-forming biofilms
-binding to host cells
-swimming |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Crystalline layer of thick subunits consisting of protein or glycoprotein. |
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Term
| Within each domain, the DNA is supercoiled by ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of acid found in mycobacteria |
|
Definition
| mycolic acids, which are a group of fatty acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| defensive fatty acid found in the complex multilayered envelope of mycobacteria |
|
|
Term
| mycolic acids are found in... |
|
Definition
| the complex multilayered envelope of mycobacteria |
|
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Term
| Mycolic acids linked to... |
|
Definition
| arabinogalactan (A polysaccharide) linked to peptidoglycan |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mycolic acid layer or mycomembrane |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the role of sterols in mycoplasma |
|
Definition
| may stabilize plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Mycoplasmas are close relatives of... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| some diseases caused by mycoplasmas |
|
Definition
-Chronic respiratory disease in chickens
-Primary atypical pneumonia in humans. “Walking pneumonia”
[image] |
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Term
| Light from the source is focused on specimen by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ magnifies specimen into a real image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The real image is magnified by the ______ to produce a virtual image. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| suspected that stomach ulcers were caused by a bacterium Helicobacter pylori |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some of the macronutrients needed by microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur |
|
Definition
| make up the carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins of the cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of micronutrients |
|
Definition
| they are essential components of enzymes or cofactors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-enriched
-selective
-differential |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are complex media to which specific blood components are added |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| favor the growth of one organism over another, selecting some over another |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| exploit differences between two species that grow equally well; helps differentiate based on different properties, such as metabolism |
|
|
Term
| If a microbe is unculturable, how do we know it exists? |
|
Definition
-DNA detection
-observe in environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Agent of Typhus Fever
-Endemic in flying squirrels
-Lice cause it to spread
-unculturable; it's an obligate intracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| how lice spread Rickettsia prowazekii |
|
Definition
1: suck blood
2: spread it thru feces
3: humans get infected |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Rickettsia prowazekii may include... |
|
Definition
-headache
-rash
-high fever |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| specific nutrients not required by other species |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -Degrade organic compounds into smaller compounds for energy.
-Then reassemble to make cell constituents.
-CO2 released |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduce CO2 to make complex cell constituents |
|
|
Term
| different types of autoprophs |
|
Definition
-Photoautotrophs
-Chemolithoautotroph |
|
|
Term
| different types of heterotrophs |
|
Definition
-Photoheterotrophs
-Chemoheterotrophs aka organotrophs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the absence of a TCA cycle, the carbon can end up as fermentation products, such as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of chemical reactions powered by the absorption of light to yield energy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolism that yields energy from oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions without using light energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lithotrophy
-Organotrophy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The metabolic oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy and fix single-carbon compounds into biomass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The metabolic oxidation of organic compounds to yield energy without absorption of light |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| chemoorganotrophy or chemoheterotrophy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| CO2 is fixed and assembled into organic molecules |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pre-formed organic molecules are acquired from outside, broken down for carbon, and the carbon reassembled to make biomass |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Light absorption captures energy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical electron donors are oxidized |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inorganic molecules donate electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic molecules donate electrons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gain of energy from light absorption with biosynthesis from pre-formed organic compounds |
|
|
Term
| Rhodospirillum rubrum can grow by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this stores energy in ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A membrane potential is generated when... |
|
Definition
| chemical energy is used to pump protons across cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the electrochemical potential formed by the H+ gradient plus the charge difference |
|
|
Term
| proton motive force aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Proton flow thru F0 rotor is driven by proton motive force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2. Proton flow causes F1 to rotate. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they convert N2 into NH4+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Nitrogenase fixes atmospheric N2 to ammonia (NH4+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2. Nitrifiers oxidize ammonia (NH4+) to generate energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 3. Denitrifiers use oxidized forms, such as nitrate, as alternative e- acceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some legumes Rhizobium grows in |
|
Definition
-Beans
-Lentils
-Peas
-Soybeans
-Peanuts |
|
|
Term
| benefits of Rhizobium infecting legume roots |
|
Definition
-provides the plant higher nitrogen availability/uptake
-Improved health of plant
-Lower cost for farmer
-Environmentally friendly / “Natural” |
|
|
Term
| an example of bacteria dividing asymmetrically |
|
Definition
| Hyphomicrobium divides by budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of increase in cell numbers or biomass |
|
|
Term
| the growth rate is proportional to... |
|
Definition
| the population size at a given time |
|
|
Term
| If a cell divides by binary fission, the number of cells is proportional to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| equation for population growth by binary fission |
|
Definition
| Nt = N0 x 2n where...
Nt = total number of cells
N0 = original number of cells
n = number of rounds of binary fission |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of rounds of binary fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Metabolically active/no increase in number of cells
-Adaptation; induce enzymes needed
-Length varies w/ species & conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Population doubles each generation
-Primary metabolites synthesized
-Balanced growth- all cellular constituents made at constant rates
-Most susceptible to antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Growth curve horizontal
-Population growth ceases
-New cells made at same rate as old cells die (growth rate = death rate)
-Secondary metabolites are made at beginning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Exponential
-99% of population dies
-Prolonged decline – 1% population mutates according to environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of primary metabolites |
|
Definition
-Amino acids
-Nucleic acids
-Simple lipids |
|
|
Term
| stage of bacterial growth where secondary metabolites are made |
|
Definition
| beginning of stationary phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biosynthetic product that is not an essential nutrient but enhances nutrient uptake or inhibits competing species (e.g., an antibiotic). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| I think a biosynthetic product that is an essential nutrient |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| culture in which all cells in a population achieve a steady state, which allows detailed study of bacterial physiology |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ensures logarithmic growth by constantly adding and removing equal amounts of culture media |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| complex, slime enclosed community of microbes growing on a solid surface |
|
|
Term
| a clinically important contributor to microbial disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Attachment to monolayer by flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5. Dissolution and dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals called autoinducers |
|
|
Term
| Microcolonies communicate via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how microbes communicate with each other when forming biofilms |
|
Definition
-Small proteins that increase in concentration as microbes replicate.
-Released to environment
-Serves as signaling mechanism |
|
|
Term
| what happens after formation of monolayer, but before formation of microcolonies? |
|
Definition
| bacteria begin to coat surfaces with organic debris to which more cells can attach |
|
|
Term
| Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production includes production of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polysaccharides and entrapped materials that form a thick extracellular matrix around the microbes in a biofilm
-it is sticky
-this increases the antibiotic resistance of residents of the biofilm |
|
|
Term
| cells may break free from the biofilm towers if... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical relevance of biofilms |
|
Definition
-May be resistant to antibiotics and UV light.
-Forms on implanted medical devices such as hip implants and catheters.
-Forms on natural surfaces such as teeth. |
|
|
Term
| “normal” growth conditions for microbes |
|
Definition
-Sea level
-Temperature 20°C–40°C
-Neutral pH
-0.9% salt
-ample nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why regulating temperature is important |
|
Definition
-Enzymes have optimal temperature for function
-High temps destroy proteins
-Low temperatures solidify membranes |
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Psychrophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Mesophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Thermophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Hyperthermophiles (Extreme thermophiles) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperthermophiles (Extreme thermophiles) |
|
|
Term
| The general result of the Arrhenius equation |
|
Definition
| growth rate roughly doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of PSYCHROPHILES |
|
Definition
-prefer temp of ~0°C – 20°C
-Enzymes adapted to function in cold temp.
-Membrane remains semi-fluid when cold (high levels of unsaturated fatty acids)
-Accumulate solutes to decrease freezing point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles |
|
Definition
-prefer 40°C – 80°C and 65°C-121°C, respectively
-Enzymes are adapted to function in hot temp.
-Increased H bonds
-Less flexible polypeptides than in psychrophiles
-Numerous DNA binding proteins stabilize DNA |
|
|
Term
| example of a hyperthermophile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of Thermus aquaticus |
|
Definition
| -Can survive hot temperatures by utilizing heat-stable Taq DNA polymerase.
-Taq DNA polymerase is among the most widely used enzymes in biotechnology-over $100 million/year in sales. |
|
|
Term
| how Thermus aquaticus survives hot temperatures by... |
|
Definition
| utilizing heat-stable Taq DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| importance of Taq DNA polymerase |
|
Definition
| It is among the most widely used enzymes in biotechnology-over $100 million/year in sales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methanocaldococcus jannaschii |
|
|
Term
| Barophiles or piezophiles |
|
Definition
| organisms adapted to grow at pressures up to 1,000 atm or 14,600 psi but fail to grow at low pressures |
|
|
Term
| Growth at high pressure requires... |
|
Definition
| specially designed membranes and protein structures |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of barophiles |
|
Definition
-Many barophiles also survive other extreme conditions.
-How bacteria survive these high pressures is still a mystery.
-Increased hydrostatic pressure reduce membrane fluidity. |
|
|
Term
| cell membrane allows ______ to pass but NOT ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-channel proteins that allow water to traverse the membrane much faster than by diffusion |
|
|
Term
| how microbes alter the osmotic concentration of their cytoplasm in a hypotonic environment |
|
Definition
| they express pressure-sensitive channels in plasma membrane allow solutes to leave the cell |
|
|
Term
| how microbes alter the osmotic concentration of their cytoplasm in a hypertonic environment |
|
Definition
| they increase cellular osmotic concentration by synthesizing or importing solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that requires a high extracellular sodium chloride concentration for optimal growth |
|
|
Term
| how halophiles maintain a low internal concentration of sodium |
|
Definition
| they use ion pumps to excrete sodium and replace it with other cations such as potassium |
|
|
Term
| an example of a halophile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
-Minor skin infections (pimples/boils)
-Serious illness (pneumonia/meningitis/sepsis) |
|
|
Term
| some infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
-pneumonia
-infective endocarditis
-sepsis
-osteomyelitis
-menstrual toxic shock syndrome
-soft tissue infections
[image] |
|
|
Term
| example of a halotolerant bacterium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the organisms that benefit from oxygen |
|
Definition
| those that can use it as a TEA in the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| the cells that oxygen is toxic to |
|
Definition
| those that do not have enzymes capable of efficiently destroying reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires O2 at low conc. ( 2-10%) |
|
|
Term
| where microaerophiles grow in a standing test tube |
|
Definition
| middle, but closer to top |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways to culture anaerobes |
|
Definition
-anaerobe jar
-anaerobic chamber with glove ports
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfolobus
it's also a thermophile |
|
|
Term
| mechanism Sulfolobus has that might help it survive acidic environments |
|
Definition
| a proton extrusion mechanism that is still under investigation |
|
|
Term
| PHYSICAL AGENTS THAT CONTROL MICROBES |
|
Definition
-High Temperature
-Low Temperature
-Filtration
-UV light |
|
|
Term
| some ways to control microbial growth |
|
Definition
-sterilization
-disinfection
-antisepsis
-sanitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing of all living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing or removal of pathogens from inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing or removal of pathogens from the surface of living tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing the microbial population to safe levels |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Deinococcus radiodurans |
|
Definition
-Has the greatest ability to survive
radiation of any known organism.
-Has exceptional capabilities
for repairing DNA and protein damage.
+ It accumulates manganese that can remove free radicals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secreted molecule that induces quorum-sensing behavior in bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms & acellular agents too small to be seen by the unaided eye |
|
|
Term
| The limit of detection for the unaided human eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some exceptions/contradictions regarding the definition of a microbe |
|
Definition
| -Supersize microbial cells such as Thiomargarita namibiensis can grow to 0.7mm or larger, and some giant amoebas can be seen by the unaided human eye.
-Microbial communities such as mushrooms can easily be seen by the unaided human eye.
-Viruses are microorganisms but are not considered cells; rather they are nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -(1635–1703)
-Built the first compound microscope and used it to observe mold, fleas, and cork
-Published Micrographia
-Coined the term “cell” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscope that has 2 or more lenses that multiply their magnification in series |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(1632–1723)
-Built single-lens magnifiers.
-First to observe single-celled microbes. He called them “small animals.”
-He also discovered that hot coffee reduced the amount of microbes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concept of living creatures arising spontaneously without parents |
|
|
Term
| evidence that was believed to support the spontaneous generation theory |
|
Definition
Living organisms from non-living matter:
-Decaying meat “produced” maggots.
-Sand “produced” oysters and clams. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(1626-1697)
-He challenged the spontaneous generation theory by analyzing the “production” of maggots and flies on decaying meat.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(1729-1799)
-He challenged spontaneous generation theory by showing that a sealed flask of broth did not “spontaneously” gave rise to life (microbes).
-He also noted that an open flask of broth did give rise to life (microbes).
-Conclusions also demonstrated cellular fission of the microbes within the broth; showing microbes have “parents”.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broth boiled, then cooled at room temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broth boiled, then cooled at room temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(1822-1895)
-His contributions to the science of microbiology and immunology earned him lasting fame.
-He showed that after boiling, the contents of a swan-necked flask remain free of microbial growth, despite access to air.
-He also showed that when the flasks were tilted or broken this lead to microbial growth (ie. broth had access to dust).
-He also discovered that microbes prefer one enantiomer over the other.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| -His contributions to the science of microbiology and immunology earned him lasting fame. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -He showed that after boiling, the contents of a swan-necked flask remain free of microbial growth, despite access to air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -He also showed that when the flasks were tilted or broken this lead to microbial growth (ie. broth had access to dust). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -He also discovered that microbes prefer one enantiomer over the other. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Built the first compound microscope and used it to observe mold, fleas, and cork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Built single-lens magnifiers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -First to observe single-celled microbes. He called them “small animals.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -He also discovered that hot coffee reduced the amount of microbes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -He challenged the spontaneous generation theory by analyzing the “production” of maggots and flies on decaying meat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that many diseases are caused by microbes |
|
|
Term
| Chain of infection in germ theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distinct populations each grown from a single cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -(1843-1910)
-developed the first guidelines (postulates) to establish a link between a specific microbe & disease
-Studied the link between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax |
|
|
Term
| -developed the first guidelines (postulates) to establish a link between a specific microbe & disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Studied the link between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exception to Koch's 2nd postulate |
|
Definition
| Some pathogens, can’t be cultured. For example, viruses need a host cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspected that stomach ulcers were caused by a bacterium Helicobacter pylori |
|
|
Term
| A third of Europe’s population wiped out by... |
|
Definition
| Yersinia pestis, agent of bubonic plague |
|
|
Term
| Bubonic plague is spread by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lady Mary Wortley Montagu |
|
Definition
| introduced smallpox inoculation-1717 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliberately infected patients with matter from cowpox -1749-1823. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first person to use medical statistics to demonstrate the significance of mortality due to disease; she's the founder of medical statistics. This was in the 1850's, during the Crimean War. |
|
|
Term
| the first person to use medical statistics to demonstrate the significance of mortality due to disease; she's the founder of medical statistics. This was in the 1850's, during the Crimean War. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what medical statistics proved |
|
Definition
| more people died of disease than from combat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ordered doctors to wash their hands with chlorine, an antiseptic agent.
-Mortality rates fell-1847. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered that Penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteria-1929. |
|
|
Term
| discovered that Penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteria-1929. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1856-1953
-among the first to study microbes in natural habitats.
-Discovered lithotrophs, which are organisms that feed solely on inorganic minerals
-Developed enrichment culture, which is the use of selective growth media that support certain classes of microbial metabolism while excluding others
-Built the Winogradsky column. This actually generates a voltage potential.
-showed the importance of bacteria in geochemical cycling |
|
|
Term
| -among the first to study microbes in natural habitats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Discovered lithotrophs, which are organisms that feed solely on inorganic minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Developed enrichment culture, which is the use of selective growth media that support certain classes of microbial metabolism while excluding others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Built the Winogradsky column. This actually generates a voltage potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that feed solely on inorganic minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of selective growth media that support certain classes of microbial metabolism while excluding others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A wetland model ecosystem in the form of a column
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfate-reducing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| showed the importance of bacteria in geochemical cycling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacilli (rods)
-spirochetes
-cocci (spheres) |
|
|
Term
what bacteria shape is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what bacteria shape is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what bacteria shape is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scanning electron microscopy (SEM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission electron microscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enlarged image of an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses light and two or more lenses to magnify and resolve a sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms image using more than 2 lenses |
|
|
Term
| types of light microscopy |
|
Definition
-Bright-field
-Dark-field
-Phase-contrast
-Fluorescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virtual image seen by eye, magnified by objective and ocular lenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bending of light as it passes through an object that slows its speed |
|
|
Term
| the use of immersion oil in microscopy |
|
Definition
| Immersion oil with a refractive index comparable to that of glass (n = 1.5) prevents light rays from bending away from the objective lens. |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Dark-field optics over bright-field microscopy |
|
Definition
| Allows the detection of very narrow cells (0.1 µm) that are unresolved by bright-field microscopy. |
|
|
Term
| Phase-contrast microscopy |
|
Definition
| exploits refractive differences between the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium or between different organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses fluorescence by a fluorophore to reveal specific cells or cell parts
This is where the specimen absorbs high energy light and emits (fluoresces) light of lower energy. Sometimes, the organism already has the right molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical compounds that absorb/emit light of specific wavelengths. Can be a dye or protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adding a stain/dye to the microbe itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the specimen survive fixation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the charge of acidic dyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the molecules acidic dyes bind to |
|
Definition
| those with positive charge, such as tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Color added to cells but not background. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stains one kind of cell but not another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid structure that lies just outside the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| peptidoglycan composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 4th step of Gram staining |
|
Definition
wash with ethanol for 20 seconds
Gram positive: purple
Gram negative: clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrons are used instead of light beam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Long, thick
-1-2/cell
-DNA transfer (Sex pili)
-Motility |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of fimbriae |
|
Definition
-Evenly distributed (or at poles)
-Short, thin, hair like
-Up to 1000/cell
-Attachment (Attachment pili) |
|
|
Term
| are pili or fimbriae long and thick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 or 2 pili or fimbriae per cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are pili or fimbriae used for DNA transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are pili or fimbriae used for motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are pili or fimbriae short, thin, hair like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there up to 1000 pili or fimbriae per cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are pili or fimbriae used for attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Adherence to surfaces
-Inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External helical filament whose rotary motor propels the cell |
|
|
Term
| functions of the flagellum |
|
Definition
| Swimming and swarming motility |
|
|
Term
| bacteria the flagellum is present in |
|
Definition
| Proteobacteria, such as E. coli |
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of bacteria moving without a flagellum |
|
Definition
-Via “fluid” or “currents”: blood, lymph, ocean currents, air currents etc.
-Via actin polymerization. Bacteria produce actin “tails,” which make it motile.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defines the existence of a cell |
|
|
Term
| this defines the existence of a cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell membrane consists of... |
|
Definition
| a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophobic fatty acid chains directed inward, away from water |
|
|
Term
| The bilayer contains stiffening agents, such as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Half the membrane volume in bacteria consists of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proton-driven ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| some types of phospholipids that can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of kinked fatty acids on the cell membrane |
|
Definition
| make the membrane more fluid, improving function in colder environments |
|
|
Term
| effect of cyclicalizing in fatty acids on the cell membrane |
|
Definition
| forms a planar ring to decrease fluidity |
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotic membranes, the reinforcing agents are... |
|
Definition
| sterols, such as cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| molecules that can diffuse acrss the membrane |
|
Definition
| Small uncharged molecules, such as O2 and CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water diffusing across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the net movement of molecules across a membrane without energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an energy requiring process that moves molecules against their electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| group of prokaryotes with no cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most bacteria use ______ for their cell wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptidoglycan is found only in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the structure of the cross-linking in peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzymes responsible for the synthesis of peptidoglycan make excellent targets for antibiotics because... |
|
Definition
| Peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
is this Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer membrane components that allow the passage of nutrients
they are also the site of antibiotic entry |
|
|
Term
| the site of antibiotic entry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region in bacteria where DNA is organized |
|
|
Term
| The nucleoid forms about ______ loops or domains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Circular DNA strand that replicates independently
-can also carry unique genes, such as those needed for antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| Mycolic acids provide the basis for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what type of bacteria has this envelope structure?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could pathogenicity be influenced by the M. tuberculosis capsule? |
|
Definition
-makes it attach to the lung tissue
-makes it evade immune defenses |
|
|
Term
| the importance of a bacterial capsule |
|
Definition
1: attachment to other cells
2: evasion of immune system |
|
|
Term
| capsule composed primarily of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of bacteria that lacks cell walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of bacteria that can not synthesize peptidoglycan |
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| the smallest bacteria capable of self-reproduction (0.3μm) |
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| some things members of genus Mycoplasma lack |
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| how the cell membrane in mycoplasma is different |
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| it's 3-layered, thus thicker |
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what type of bacteria is this?
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| Nutrients a microbe cannot make for itself, but must gather from its environment |
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| what microbes do when essential nutrients are plentiful |
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| what microbes do when essential nutrients are scarce |
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| Nutrients needed in large quantities |
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| Six macronutrients—______—make up the carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins of the cell. |
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| the role of Mg, Fe, and K |
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| Nutrients needed in small quantities |
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| is it possible for a medium to be more than 1 type? |
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| are most microbes culturable or unculturable? |
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| amount of microbes that we don't know how to grow in the lab |
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| why so many microbes can't be cultured |
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| because they adapted so well to their natural habitat |
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| Rickettsia prowazekii grows only in... |
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| obligate intracellular bacteria |
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| requires a host cell to survive, thus unculturable |
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| why some bacteria can't be cultured |
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| consequence of evolution and the organism’s natural growth environment |
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| All of Earth’s life-forms are based on... |
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autotrophy or heterotrophy?
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autotrophy or heterotrophy?
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| 2 types of energy storage |
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-chemical
-electrical potential |
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| a way to store energy chemically |
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| a way to store energy by way of electrical potential |
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| this releases energy in ATP |
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| Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy + Phosphate |
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| the charge inside the cell when there's a membrane potential |
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| Nitrogen is a ______nutrient. |
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| Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2) must be converted into... |
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| For nitrogen to be used for growth, it must first be... |
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| “fixed,” or converted to ammonium ions (NH4+) |
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| what microbes use NH4+ for |
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| to make amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds needed for growth |
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| Grow symbiotically within root nodule cells of legumes |
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| reproduction where one parent cell splits into two equal daughter cells |
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| examples of secondary metabolites |
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| stage of bacterial growth where bacteria are most susceptible to antibiotics |
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| example of a natural chemostat |
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The human GI tract
new nutrients are always arriving from the throat while equal amounts of bacterial culture exit in fecal waste |
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| are most bacteria free-floating or attached to solid surface? |
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| the biofilm that forms on teeth |
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| organisms that inhabit environments outside the "normal" conditions |
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| can microbes regulate their own temperature? |
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| peak growth rate increases ______ with temperature and obeys the ______ equation. |
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| why the psychrophile membrane remains fluid at cold temp |
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| high levels of unsaturated fatty acids |
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| how psychrophiles decrease freezing point |
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| Novel compounds made by members of the polar microbiome are screened for... |
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| anticancer and antimicrobial potential |
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| how the DNA is stabilized in thermophiles and hyperthermophiles |
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| Numerous DNA binding proteins stabilize DNA |
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| air pressure at Sea Level |
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| Increased hydrostatic pressure ______ membrane fluidity. |
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| A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the microbe |
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| A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the microbe |
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| what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? |
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| Water leaves cell and bacteria shrink and die |
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| what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? |
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| Water enters cell and bacteria swell, burst, and die |
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| A membrane that is permeable to some substances but impermeable to other substances |
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| semipermeable membrane aka... |
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| selectively permeable membrane |
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| they help protect the cell from osmotic stress |
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| Halophiles prefer a (high or low) internal concentration of sodium |
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| is Halobacterium bacterial or archaeral? |
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| where in the human body Staphylococcus aureus is found |
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| amount of people that carry Staphylococcus aureus |
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| 20% of population are carriers |
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| can tolerate relatively high salinity |
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| the halotolerance of Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Can be cultured in media up to 10% NaCl |
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| Grows in presence of atmospheric oxygen (O2)( 20%) |
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| Grows in the absence of O2 |
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| does not require O2 but grows better with it |
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| grows equally well with or without O2 |
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| where obligate aerobes grow in a standing test tube |
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| where obligate anaerobes grow in a standing test tube |
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| where facultative anaerobes grow in a standing test tube |
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| everywhere, but mostlytop half |
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| where aerotolerant anaerobes grow in a standing test tube |
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| The majority of enzymes function between pH... |
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| the combination of two histological stains: hematoxylin and eosin. The hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, and eosin stains the extracellular matrix and cytoplasm pink, with other structures taking on different shades, hues, and combinations of these colors. |
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| bacterium that grows by photoheterotrophy |
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| grows and gives a "fried egg" appearance on agar |
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