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| claims to help lose weight while gaining muscle, stabilize blood sugar & prevent heart disease |
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| charged atoms, when an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes an ion of the same element |
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| two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons |
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| decay spontaneously, giving off particles & energy --> also apply in nutritional reseach |
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| Doubly labeled water (DLW) |
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| where the H & O have been replaced with heavy, non-radioactive forms of deuterium and oxygen-18 in order to measure metabolic rate through watching concentration elimination rate in body water |
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| indicated by an atoms number of protons |
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| N, P, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Mg, S |
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| 90% of body mass is made of |
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| What determines an atoms chemical behavior? |
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| the distribution of electrons in an orbital shell |
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| ability of an atom to attract (pull) electrons towards itsel |
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| What affects electronegativity? |
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| atomic number and the distance of valance electrons from the nucleus |
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| outermost electrons, in the valence shell |
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| unable to react because the valance shell is full |
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| hold atoms together due to incomplete valence shells resulting in sharing or transferring electrons |
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| strongest bond, atoms share electrons to fill orbital shells, form between TWO NON METALS |
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| equal sharing of electrons (H2) |
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| unequal sharing of electrons, charged poles (H2O) |
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| hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. important for physical properties of water |
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| Van der Waals interactions |
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| attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of charges (hot spots) created in asymmetrical molecules --> strong interactions |
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| electrons are transferred from one atom to another, soluble in water, have high melting & boiling points, solid at room temperature, occurs between metal & non metal |
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| what determines a molecule's shape? |
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| the positions of its valence orbitals |
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| Emergent properties of water include: |
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| Cohesion, moderation of temperature and universal solvent |
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| attraction between water molecules that help it to transport against gravity in plants |
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| attraction between different substanes |
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| TOTAL amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion |
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| measure of intensity of heat due to the AVERAGE kinetic energy of molecules |
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| amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C |
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heat absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change temperature by 1 degree celsius |
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| Why does water resist thermal change? |
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| due to high specific heat caused by the hydrogen bonding --> heats absorbed when bonds break & heat is released when bonds form |
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| liquid that's a homogeneous mixture of substances |
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| the dissolving agent of a solution |
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| substance that's dissolved |
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| Why is water a versatile solvent? |
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| it's high polarity! allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily |
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| the sphere of water molecules that surround an ion that's dissolved in water |
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| large molecules that don't dissolve --> includes cellulose & colloids |
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| stable suspensions of fine particles in liquid |
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| nonionic & non polar --> can't form hydrogen bonds --> include lipids, fats & oils |
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| form positive ions by loss of their valence electrons, thus have fewer electrons then protons |
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| major buffer that maintains pH |
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| important in energy metabolism (ATP) and our cell membranes (phospholipids) - charge is very important |
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| Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) |
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| common form of calcium supplements |
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| Elaborate biochemical pathway in the liver converts it to a safe compound (urea) to be excreted in urine -- NH3 is removed during protein catabolism to stop it from being toxic |
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| electrons interactions in 3D space |
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| VSPER (valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory) |
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| electrons groups around a central atom are arranged as far away as possible and have the least amount o repulsion of the negatively charged electrons |
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