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Exam 1
Organic Chemistry Review
47
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
09/19/2017

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Term
Chromium picolinate
Definition
claims to help lose weight while gaining muscle, stabilize blood sugar & prevent heart disease
Term
Ions
Definition
charged atoms, when an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes an ion of the same element
Term
Isotopes
Definition
two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
Term
Radioactive isotopes
Definition
decay spontaneously, giving off particles & energy --> also apply in nutritional reseach
Term
Doubly labeled water (DLW)
Definition
where the H & O have been replaced with heavy, non-radioactive forms of deuterium and oxygen-18 in order to measure metabolic rate through watching concentration elimination rate in body water
Term
atomic number
Definition
indicated by an atoms number of protons
Term
Essential elements
Definition
N, P, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Mg, S
Term
90% of body mass is made of
Definition
C, H, O
Term
Trace elements
Definition
Se, Cr, Mn, Mo
Term
What determines an atoms chemical behavior?
Definition
the distribution of electrons in an orbital shell
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
ability of an atom to attract (pull) electrons towards itsel
Term
What affects electronegativity?
Definition
atomic number and the distance of valance electrons from the nucleus
Term
Valence elecrons
Definition
outermost electrons, in the valence shell
Term
Inert
Definition
unable to react because the valance shell is full
Term
chemical bonds
Definition
hold atoms together due to incomplete valence shells resulting in sharing or transferring electrons
Term
Covalent bonds
Definition
strongest bond, atoms share electrons to fill orbital shells, form between TWO NON METALS
Term
non-polar covalent bonds
Definition
equal sharing of electrons (H2)
Term
polar covalent bonds
Definition
unequal sharing of electrons, charged poles (H2O)
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. important for physical properties of water
Term
Van der Waals interactions
Definition
attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of charges (hot spots) created in asymmetrical molecules --> strong interactions
Term
Ionic bonds
Definition
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, soluble in water, have high melting & boiling points, solid at room temperature, occurs between metal & non metal
Term
what determines a molecule's shape?
Definition
the positions of its valence orbitals
Term
Emergent properties of water include:
Definition
Cohesion, moderation of temperature and universal solvent
Term
cohesion
Definition
attraction between water molecules that help it to transport against gravity in plants
Term
adhesion
Definition
attraction between different substanes
Term
heat
Definition
TOTAL amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
Term
temperature
Definition
measure of intensity of heat due to the AVERAGE  kinetic energy of molecules
Term
calorie
Definition
amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
Term
kilocalories
Definition
equals 1,00 calories
Term
specific heat
Definition
heat absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change temperature by 1 degree celsius
Term
Why does water resist thermal change?
Definition
due to high specific heat caused by the hydrogen bonding --> heats absorbed when bonds break & heat is released when bonds form
Term
Solution
Definition
liquid that's a homogeneous mixture of substances
Term
solvent
Definition
the dissolving agent of a solution
Term
solute
Definition
substance that's dissolved
Term
Why is water a versatile solvent?
Definition
it's high polarity! allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily
Term
hydration shell
Definition
the sphere of water molecules that surround an ion that's dissolved in water
Term
hydrophilic
Definition
large molecules that don't dissolve --> includes cellulose & colloids
Term
colloids
Definition
stable suspensions of fine particles in liquid
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
nonionic & non polar --> can't form hydrogen bonds --> include lipids, fats & oils
Term
metals
Definition
form positive ions by loss of their valence electrons, thus have fewer electrons then protons
Term
main electrolytes
Definition
Na+, K+ and Cl-
Term
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Definition
major buffer that maintains pH
Term
Phosphate (PO43-)
Definition
important in energy metabolism (ATP) and our cell membranes (phospholipids) - charge is very important
Term
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
Definition
common form of calcium supplements
Term
Ammonium ion (NH4+)
Definition
Elaborate biochemical pathway in the liver converts it to a safe compound (urea) to be excreted in urine -- NH3 is removed during protein catabolism to stop it from being toxic
Term
Steric
Definition
electrons interactions in 3D space
Term
VSPER (valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory)
Definition
electrons groups around a central atom are arranged as far away as possible and have the least amount o repulsion of the negatively charged electrons
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