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| the scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environments |
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| physical conditions experienced by an organism (interactions between organisms and their physical environments |
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| the biological or living components that make up an organism's surroundings (interactions among living organisms) |
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| fundamental unit of ecology |
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| place or physical setting in which an organism lives |
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| range of ocnditions that an organism can tolerate and it's role in the ecosystem |
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| fundamental unit of ecology (no smaller unit in biology has an independent life in the environment) |
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| a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area |
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| an association of interacting species living in a particular area |
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| a biological community plus all of the abiotic factors influencing that community |
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| the total global ecosystem, all of the environments and organisms of the earth |
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| study of how indivudals' adaptations and choices affect their reproduction and adaptations and choices affect their reproduction and survival (three subdisciplines: evolutionary, behavioral, and physiological ecology) |
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| changes in gene frequencies in a population over time; descent w/ modification |
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| how the behavior of an organism contributes to its survival and reproductive success, which in turn affects population size (tent caterpillars) |
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| how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment and how the environment impacts the distribution of species |
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| study of the growht, fluctuation, and interactions of populations |
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| study of the diversity and relative abundance of different kinds of organisms living in one place |
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| the study of the movement of energy and nutrients through communities (foodchains) |
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| plant ecology, animal ecology, microbial ecology, avian ecology, etc |
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| marine ecology, tropical ecology, freshwater ecology, paleoecology |
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| behavioral ecology, physiological ecology, evolutionary ecology |
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| the dimension in time or space over which variation is perceived |
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| three things to consider when studying ecology |
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| studied the ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in north america, predicted that species with identical ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely (due tocompetitive exclusion) |
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| nutrient enrichment of a lake which can cause rapid algal growth and decrease oxygen levels |
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| main cause of eutrophication |
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| a hypothesis that is set up to be nullified or refuted, stated in terms of "no difference" between observed results and expected results |
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| the investigator notes a phenomenon |
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| the investigator poses a question about the observation in a way that it can be tested by experiments or field observations |
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| the investigator predicts what s/he velieves is true about the hypothesis |
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| the investigator designs a study which will yield data to either support or refute the null hypothesis |
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| the study is conducted and data are collected |
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| the data are subjected to rigorous statistical tests to determine whether any deviation from the expected result is truly meaningful or merely due to chance |
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| investigator rejects or fails to reject the null hypothesis |
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| small world-replicate essential features of an ecosystem in a laboratory or field setting |
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| an hypothesis that yield predictions that can be tested by comparing them to what really occurs |
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| explanation at the evolutionary level |
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global, regional, local, microclimate
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| need to study and understand the physcial environemnt at what different scales |
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| From the equator poleward, temperature increases or decreases? |
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| from the equator poleward, precipitation increases or decreases? |
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| variation in orientation of earth's axis relative to sun creates |
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| percentage of solar radiation that is reflected back into space |
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| percentage of solar radiation that is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds |
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| percentage of solar radiation that reaches the earths surface |
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| gases in the atmosphere absorb the heat waves that are reflected from the earths surface, they trap the heat and help keep the earth warm enough to support life |
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| Water vapor, CO2, CH4(methane and nitrous oxide), CFCs |
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| slow but steady increase in the earth's surface temperature, due to excess greenhouse gases |
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| species that need warm water to secrete their calcium carbonate exoskeleton |
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| organisms that obtain their heat from external sources |
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| organisms that generate their own heat (metabolic heat) |
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| poikilotherms (heterotherms) |
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| organisms that have a body temperature that fluctuates w/ ambient |
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| organisms that have a constant body temperature (maintained in a narrow range) |
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| energy absorbed and emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation (from sun and other objects) |
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| transfer of heat between objects in direct contact with one another |
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| direct transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (air and water) |
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| heat loss as water is evaporated from an organisms surface |
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| an organism's ability to maintain constant internal conditions in varying environments |
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| when a system deviates from set point, various responses are activated to return system to set point |
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| the range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change |
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| inherited traits that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment |
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| becoming inactive until conditions become more favorable (hibernation, torpor, etc) |
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| moving to another location where conditions are more favorable |
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| relying on resources accumulated when conditions are more favorable (internally or externally) |
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| shivering, brown fat, regulating blood flow to extremities |
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| strategies of endotherms for keeping warm |
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| contracting muscles to generate internal heat |
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| found in mammals that hibernate (also many newborn mammals, including us)- specialized heat producing tissue |
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| counter-current heat exchange |
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a mechanism that conserves body heat by minimizing heat loss in the extremities and returns heat to the body core
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| facultative hypothermia to conserve energy |
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| body fluids at or below freezing, absence of nucleating agents |
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| lower the freezing point of body fluids, glycoproteins an dpolypeptides |
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| mechanisms to prevent cell damage, ice crystals only form in extracellular body fluids |
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| body mass of animals increases with latitude |
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| among closely related endothermic vertebrates, those living in colder environments tend to have shorter appendages than those living in warmer environments, greater surface area=greater hea tloss |
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| state of arrested development, triggered by env stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. occurs in insects usually occurs during the egg or pupae stage |
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| due to heat, proteins can unflod or bind to other proteins, this is known as |
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| prevent denaturing of proteins, help move damaged proteins out of a cell |
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| a period of deep and prolonged sleep that occurs in response to heat and drought |
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relaxation of homeostasis, avoidance, specializations
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| three major responses endotherms use to deal with heat |
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| relaxation of homeostasis |
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| survive in deserts by tolerating greater variation in body temperature and body-water content |
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| avoid desert conditions by behavioral means (migrate, burrow) |
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| physiological mechanisms such as torpor in response to shortages of food or water |
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| how enviornmental conditions affect the phsyiology and behavior of organisms |
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| entire range of conditions over which a psecies is able to survive |
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| the point on a mountainside (altitude) where trees stop growing |
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| a measure of the ewater ocnent of air relative to its content at saturation |
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| hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells |
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| drough deciduosness, water stressed plants dropping their leaves |
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| time required for the entire volume of a resevoir of water to be renewed (evaporation and precipitation) |
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| heat needed to raise the emperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree celcius |
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| movement of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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| body fluids and external fluid have the same concentration of solutes (water moves in and out at same rate) |
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| body fluids have a higher concentration of solutes than the external environment (water moves in) |
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| body fluids have a lower concentration of oslutes than the external environment (water moves out) |
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| have an internal salt concentration higher than that of surrounding water (hyperosmotic) |
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| marine organisms have internal salt concnetration lower than that of water (hypoosmotic) |
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| molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution |
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| lowers the H plus concentration by releasing OH- |
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| density of water increases as salinity |
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| shallow water along shore where rooted aquatic plants can grow |
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| open water away from shore |
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| middle layer where temperature changes substantially with depth; aka thermocline |
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| deepest layer; cold dark water |
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| epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion |
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| 3 main depth zones of limnetic zone |
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| littoral zone (intertidal zone) |
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| shallow shoreline (ocean structure) |
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| coast to margin of continental shelf (oceans structure) |
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| beyond continental shelf (ocean structure) |
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| habitats on the bottom of the ocean |
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| habitat off the bottom of hte ocean, regardless of depth |
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| daily patterns of distribution/abundance of animals |
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| the success of an organism (population) can be controlled by the deficiency or excess of any factor that approaches the limits of tolerance for that organism |
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| narrow tolerance range (specialists) |
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| broad temperature range (generalist) |
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| the physical conditions under which a species might live in the absence of interactions with other |
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| the actual niche of a species whose distribution is restricted by biotic interactions such as competition, predation, disease, and parasitism |
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| organisms that obtain their energy from inorganic sources |
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| energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (hydrogen and sulfide ammonia) |
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| organisms unable to manufacture their own food from inorganic materials and thus rely on other organisms, living and dead, as their source of energy |
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| photosynthetically active radiation |
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| wavelengths of light b/w 400 and 700 nm, photosynthetic organisms use as a source of energy |
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| used by most plants and algae |
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| used by many grasses in warm environments |
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| used by succulent plants in arid environments |
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| feed on non-living orgnaic matter |
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