1. All life is composed of cells.

2. Cells are the fundamental and functional unit of life.

3. All cells come from pre-exisiting cells.

Evolution is the unifying theme in biology.

Evolution is a theory.

Organisms change over time.

All life is genetically related.

The concept is accepted as fact, but the mechanisms are debated.

Over time, living things can change to adapt to their environments.  Natural selection is one mechanism involved in such adaptation.

1. Living things are organized. 

2. Living things require materials and energy to maintain homeostasis. 

3. Living things respond to stimuli.

4. Living things reproduce and develop with heredity.

5. Living things change (evolve).

Chemical: Chemo-

Light: Photo-

Gravity: Gravi-

-taxis: free movement of an organism

-tropism: directed growth

Positive- towards the stimulus

Negative- away from the stimulus

Acclimation

(Getting used to a new climate)

Atoms of the same element with a differing number of neutrons.

Added neutrons add mass

Some are "stable"

Some are unstable and decay. They give off energy in the form of rays and subatomic particles (radioactive).

Can be used as tracers.

Can cause cancer.

______ covalent bonds are formed due to unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.

H-O-H

Single sugar molecule (Carbohydrate).

Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.

Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction (Carbohydrate)

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Polymers of monosaccharides (carbohydrate)

Starch, cellulose, chitin

Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings.

Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen. (Lipids) Component of plasma membrane. Used in medicines.

Provides support

Enzymes are equal to the organic catalysts

Transportation through channel ______ and hemoglobin

Defense (Antibodies)

Hormones (Insulin, growth hormones)

Motion (Action and Myosin in muscles)

The loss of higher structure levels (change of shape)

Temperature- boiling an egg causes the egg white to congeal

pH- acid in milk causes curdling.

This kind of protein cannot perform its job

Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell functions.

Contains DNA and RNA.

Every nucleotide is made up of phospate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Present in nucleic acids and composed of adenine and ribose. The terminal phospate bond is hydrolyzed to give the molecule ___ and a phosphate molecule.

Releases energy.

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. Cells come only from pre-existing cells

3. Cells are the fundamental unit of life

Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus.

Structurally simple

Can be divided into two domains:

Bacteria and Archaea

that live in extreme habitats

Contain cell envelopes (plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx), cytoplasm, flagella, pili, fimbriae

Members of the domain Eukarya

Contain membrane-bounded nucleus

Contain specialized organelles

Contain plasma membrane

Organelles communicate with each other

Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) around the outside

Cytoplasm- "fluid" portion with dissolved molecules lik salts, sugars, and proteins

Cytoskeleton

Membrane-bounded nucleus

Organelles

Contains chromatin in semifluid medium called nucleoplasm (coil to form chromosomes)

Contains DNA, RNA, and protein

Separated from cytoplasm by double membrane nuclear envelope

Approximately 5 micrometers in diameter

Nuclear pores (100 nm) permit passage of proteins in and out of the

20-30 nm in diameter

Composed of large and small subunits that serve in protein synthesis (subunits made of nucleolus)

Occur singly and in groups, and may become attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Consists of nuclear envelope, membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and sever types of vesicles

Restrict enzymatic reactions to specific compartments withing cell

Connected directly or via vesicles

Studded with ribosomes

Synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins (=protein + sugar)

No ribosomes

Synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Detoxification of drugs in liver cells.

Consists of flattened, curved saccules

Modifies proteins and lipids and packages them in vesicles

Membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus

Very low pH

Contain hyrolytic digestive enzymes

Engage in digestion of molecules and apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Tadpole tail-embryo fingers

Bodies that break things down

Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles.

Store substances

In plants, store water, nutrients, and waste products

Osmosis creates positive pressure

Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates

Photosynthesis

Green in color due to the green pigment chlorophyll

Stroma- liquid, contains enzymes, ribosomes, and DNA

Grana- stacked thylacoid disks, contain chlorphyll

Involved in cellular respiration

glucose + 6O2-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell

Cristae- inner membrane that encloses matrix

Matrix- Enzymes that break down nutrient molecules

Contains DNA and ribosomes

DNA is present in mitochondria and chlorplasts

Symbiosis- 2 organisms live together and both benefit

Endomembrane system - one membrane layer

Chloroplasts and mitochondria - two layers

Involved in the contractile apparatus for cell division, muscle contractions, support for the cell membrane, and cell shape change

Consits of a protein called actin

Interact with motor protein for movement

Mainly structural in nature

Tough and give support to cells

Keratin (in skin cells)

Large fibers made of the protein tubulin

Assembly controlled by the organizing center

Spindle for cell division

Part of cilia and flagella

Intracellular transport

Motor proteins: kinesin and dynein

Hairlike projections with a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules that aid in cell movement.