Term
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Definition
| Any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations. |
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Term
| What are the necessary components of natural selection? What if one was not present? |
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Definition
1)Struggle for existence
2)variation among individuals
3)differential reproductive success
4)Inheritance
**If one was not present, then natural selection does not occur. |
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Term
| What causes populations to evolve? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does natural selection affect the genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
1)Natural selection acts upon the phenotype directly, and genotype indirectly.
-Genotype will encode responses when interacting with its environment.
-i.e plant height varying based on elevation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beneficial trait that has the SAME use as it originally evolved for. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beneficial trait that has a DIFFERENT use than what it was originally evolved for. |
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Term
| What is necessary for the operation of natural selection? |
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Definition
1)Phenotypic differences between individuals
2)Sign of variation |
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Term
| What is artificial selection? What is one of experiments it allow us to conduct/observe? |
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Definition
1)A breeder picks which individuals with certain traits will survive and reproduce.
2)Allows us to test the hypothesis that natural selection causes evolutionary change |
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Term
| What are populations on oceanic islands like compared to their ancestor and sister populations on continental islands? |
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Definition
| Oceanic island populations tend to be impoverished and unbalanced when compared to those on continental islands |
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Term
| What is the struggle for existence? |
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Definition
| Is a population of organisms in competition with other organisms, the environment, and limited resources to thrive and reproduce. |
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Term
| What do phylogenies tell us? |
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Definition
| Phylogenies tell us the relationship among a population. |
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Term
| Which part of a phylogeny tree show a speciation event? |
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Definition
| Interior nodes show speciation events and common ancestors between taxa. |
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Term
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Definition
-A group of taxa that includes their most recent common ancestor and descendants (also called a clade)
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
1)A group of taxa that includes most recent common ancestor BUT not all descendants
2)is incomplete
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Contains groups of species with different common ancestors
[image] |
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Term
| What are analogous structures? aka homoplasy |
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Definition
1)Structures in species with the same function
2)Are the result of convergent evolution due to natural selection and/or similar environments
-i.e wings on birds and bats
-different species but same function |
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Term
| What are homologous structures? |
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Definition
1)strucutres in different species with the same function
2)Inherited from a common ancestor
-i.e forelimbs found in bats,birds, and crocodiles..all share a common ancestor that have forelimbs and that trait has been passed on |
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Term
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Definition
A trait shared by sister taxa or groups exclusively due to a common
ancestor.
-indicates a closer revolutionary relationship
-The trait is usually seen in the most recent common ancestor, but not the ancestor of that ancestor.
-helps us form monophyletic groups when constructing phylogeny trees
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
1)A ancestral trait shared by 2 or more present day groups.
2)is NOT helpful in assessing recent
revolutionary relationships
-will be from ancestors older than last common ancestor
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
A closely related species that diverged before the last common ancestor of the other groups
-Can serve as a reference group when determining the evolutionar relationship between other groups
[image] |
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Term
| How do we utilize parsimony when constructing phylogeny trees? |
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Definition
Use the tree that exhibits the smallest amount of evolutionary changes. This is closer to the truth.
[image][image] |
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Term
| What are the 4 grouping methods used when constructing a phylogeny tree? which method do are we focusing on in class? |
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Definition
-parsimony, distance method, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian method.
-Parsimony |
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Term
| What are the 4 limits to natural selection? |
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Definition
1)physical/physiological constraints
2)lack of foresight
3)lack of genetic variation
4)Constantly changing environment |
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Term
| What is antagonistic pleiotropy? What experiment did we discuss that exhibits this? |
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Definition
1)A gene controls for more than 1 trait, usually 1 gene is beneficial while the other can be detrimental.
2)We discussed Lenskis' experiment where the bacteria grew at a certain temperature, but the trade off for growing at an optimal temperature is that it does not grow well in other extreme temperatures.
[image] |
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Term
| What is the main difference between artificial and natural selection? |
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Definition
Natural selection does not
have long term goals and will impose selection based on how the environment
changes from moment to moment. |
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Term
| What are imperfect adaptations? |
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Definition
| Although organisms like the Olive flounder is well adapted to its environment, it is still imperfect. Most/All organisms are well-adapted but are still imperfect since there are improvements that can be made. |
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Term
| What 2 cells are most eukaryotes composed of? |
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Definition
1)The germline-gametes
2)The some-body |
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Term
| What are the 3 sources of variation? |
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Definition
1)mutation
2)recombination creates new combinations of genes
3)migration that introduces a new mutation to the existing population |
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Term
| Are most mutations deleterious, neutral or beneficial? What kind of effect does it pose upon the organism? What helps organisms from accumulating many deleterious mutations? |
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Definition
1)Most mutations are deleterious or neutral,and are rarely beneficial.
2)Most mutations have a small effect or are synonymous (silent)
3)Natural selection/recombination help prevent mutations accumulating over time. |
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Term
| Recall/look over the information pertaining to the Luria and Delbruck experiment. |
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Definition
| their experiment concluded that they had resistance when they were exposed to the phage in an early portion of the generation and gave time for the bacteria to become immune. |
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Term
| what is the definition of evolution from a genetic point of view? |
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Definition
| A change in the allele/genotype frequency in a population over time. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of equilibria? |
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Definition
-unstable, stable, neutral and mixed
(neutral can be seen as flat, and mixed is more like a half pipe)
[image] |
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Term
| What are the 6 discussed Hardy-Weinburg assumptions? |
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Definition
1)genotype frequencies are the same in both sexes
2)Random mating
3)offspring replace the parents
4)all genotypes have the same fitness
5)ifinite population
6)alleles are not leaving/entering the population (i.e mutation/migration) |
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Term
| What kind of equilibria is Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a population exhibited an appropriate value what can we assume? Can we assume that it follows 1 or all HWE assumptions? |
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Definition
| -No, we can't make any assumption that it follows any of our discussed assumptions because we do not truly know. We can say it may or may not follow all HWE assumptions, but we're not truly for sure. Its great. |
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Term
| All organisms today have evolved from what? |
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Definition
| From a single multicellular organism. |
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Term
| What idea from Lamarck's theory of evolution helped influence Darwin's theory of evolution? |
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Definition
| The inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
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Term
| What kind of equilibrium are allele frequencies in? Frequency of a HWE allele frequency? |
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Definition
1)neutral equilibirum
2)HWE allele frequencies remain constant
and will never divert |
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Term
| Describe the result of Esther and joshuas esther Lederberg's experiment.. |
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Definition
| -They found that mutations are random and not directed. |
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Term
| Describe briefly the experiment that Joshua and Esther Lederbery conduct? |
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Definition
| They grew a pteri dish of bacteria that formed different coloniees. They made a replicate plate by stamping the bacteria onto the new dish with penicillin. They did this several times and found the same colonies were resistant to the penicillin even though it was not previously exposed to the penicillin. Thus, mutations are random and not directed or in response to the presence of penicillin in this case. |
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Term
| What is directed mutation and is it possible? |
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Definition
1)Directed mutation is the idea that organisms will evovle/develop certain traits in response/exposure to their environment, this is incorrect as mutations are not directed and happen randomly. Directed mutations are not possible.
2)Mutations exist on pre-existing random/undirected variation |
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Term
| What causes Long Branch Attraction? How do we resolve LBA? |
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Definition
| Long branch attraction occurs when there is a rapid unequal amount of evolutionary change between taxa. This is resolved by the additional members and information. |
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Term
| What is Paley's argument (the watch maker analogy)for design? |
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Definition
| Complex organisms and biological systems are similar to a watch, where there are intricate and specific components **but most importantly that there is an intelligent designer. |
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Term
| How did Lyell influence Darwin? |
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Definition
| -He believed in uniformitarianism when studying geology, he believed that gradual changes have shaped the earth over time. This is the same with evolution. |
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Term
| How did Malthus influence Darwin? |
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Definition
| Malthus wrote that populations can outgrow the resources available, once this occurs the population is kept in check by disease, famine,and predation. |
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Term
| How does the central dogma of molecular biology invalidate the possibility of acquired characteristics? |
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Definition
1)The inheritance of acquired characteristics require the flow of information to loop from protein to DNA, which is not possible. RNA is the only exception that can loop back information into DNA.
2)Proteins can't be reverse translated into RNA either |
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Term
| What leads to the heirarchial system in evolution? |
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Definition
| Branching/species spitting into 2 lead to the ability to classify species into a heirarchial system. |
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Term
| What does it mean that the germline and soma are separate? |
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Definition
| -This early separation means that genetic or regulatory modifications of somatic cells that occur in the course of development have no consequences on gamete formation. |
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Term
| What organisms don't have a separation of the germline and the soma? |
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Definition
-plants, single-celled protists, and fungi
-Flowering plants produce produce ovules/pollen from body tissue and can pass on acquired mutations to their offspring. |
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Term
| What does artificial selection teach us about evolution? |
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Definition
-Artificial selection helps our understanding of natural selection.
-demonstrates diversity between organisms with a relative ancestor
-exhibits gradual changes overtime due to natural selection |
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Term
| What does it mean if the oceanic island counterparts are impoverished and unbalanced? |
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Definition
| The population is limited by its habitat they tend to have fewer individuals and low variability. And have a less amount of predators due to the difficulty of some species that can travel to islands. |
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Term
| What is incomplete lineage sorting? |
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Definition
| Lineages may have mutations that take awhile to spread and may not match up with the same time speciation occurs. |
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Term
| What is a bootstrap pseudosample? |
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Definition
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