Term
| Base-plus-fog is measured.. |
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Definition
| on any blank area of film |
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Term
| The emulsion of film consists of |
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Definition
| silver bromide and gelatin |
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Term
| Chemical used as a preservative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical which maintains the pH of the developer |
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Definition
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Term
| Hardener used in developer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical used as a restrainer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical that makes the fixer an acid |
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Definition
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Term
| The fixer consists of what five chemicals? |
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Definition
Acedic acid
Ammonium Thiosulfate
Sodium silfite
Potassium aliminum
water |
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Term
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Definition
Activator (acidifier)
Fixing (clearing) agent
Preservative
Hardener
Solvent |
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Term
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Definition
Developing (reducing)agent
Accelerator (activator)agent
Restrainer
Preservative
Hardener
Solvent |
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Term
| What does the activator(acedic acid) do in the fixer? |
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Definition
maintains acidic pH
Neutralizes pH of emulsion |
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Term
| what does the fixing agent(ammonium thiosulfate) do in the fixer? |
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Definition
| clear underdeveloped silver halide from film |
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Term
| what does the preservative(sodium sulfite) do in the fixer? |
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Definition
protects fixing agent from oxidation
helps remove silver from ammonium thiosulfate |
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Term
| What does the hardener (potassium aluminum) do in the fixer? |
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Definition
further hardens emulsion
protects against scratches and abrasions |
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Term
| What does the developing (reducing) agent (hydroquinone, phenidone & metol) do in the developer? |
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Definition
*Reduces exposed silver halide to metallic silver
*amplify amout of metallic siver on films
*reduces exposed silver halide crystals into silver |
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Term
| What does the accelerator (activator)agent(sodium carbonate) do in the developer? |
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Definition
| elevates and maintains pH of developer |
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Term
| What does the restrainer (potassium bromide) do in the developer? |
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Definition
*decreases the development of unexposed silver halide
*Keeps unexposed crystals from developing agent |
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Term
| what does the preservative(sodium sulfite) do in the developer? |
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Definition
*controls oxidation
*maintains proper development rate
*decreases oxidation of developer solution |
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Term
| what does the hardener (glutaraldehyde) do in the developer? |
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Definition
*hardens emulsion
*prevents swelling and softening of emulsion
*protects film from rollers |
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Term
| what is characteristic curve? |
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Definition
| *a graph of the optical density (degree of blackening) |
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Term
| what is responsible for the toe and the shoulder in the characteristic curve? |
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Definition
*Phenidone is responsible for the toe
*Hydroquinone is responsible for the shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| *removes unexposed silver halide and makes the remaining image permanent |
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Term
| what is the purpose of silver recovery process? |
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Definition
| silver ions are reclaimed |
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Term
| How is silver recovered in low volume film areas? |
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Definition
silver is drained into holding tank
periodically picked up by silver recycler |
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Term
| How is silver recovered in high volume film areas? |
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Definition
*recovery units connected to drain system of fixer tank
*metallic replacement
*electrolytic Method |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produce greater effect when working together |
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Term
| processing steps to convert latent image to manifest image? |
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Definition
developing
fixing
washing
drying |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 5°F or 3°C lower than other solutions |
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Term
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Definition
*flat metal surface edged on both sides
*allows to correct alignment of films
*Feeds films evenly to maintain proper replenishment rate
*alternates film side to side to be sure not to wear the rollers |
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Term
| what happens if the developer is over-replenished? |
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Definition
increase in density
decrease contrast |
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Term
| what happens if over-replenished fixer? |
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Definition
does not effect image
wastes solution |
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Term
| What happens if under-replenished developer? |
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Definition
*causes film to jam in roller due to inadequate hardening of film emulsion
*causes decreased density |
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Term
| What happens if under-replenished fixer? |
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Definition
*Causes film to jam due to inadequate hardening of film emulsion
*poor archival quality (brown stains) |
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Term
| Chemical contamination causes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical fog is caused by what? |
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Definition
| improper or inadequate processing chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
| excess chemistry runs down the edge of film |
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Term
| what are curved metal plates positioned on either side of master roller that guide film through roller assembly? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are positioned on either side of the master roller that aid in proper alignment of film |
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Definition
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Term
| what moves film from one tank to another and finally into the dryer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The space between crossover rollers extremely tight to allow for a "squeegee" effect on film also removes excess liquid to avoid contaminating chemicals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Purpose of re-circulating system |
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Definition
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Term
| Reticulation results due to |
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Definition
*not being washed properly
*temp change to fast
(emulsion may crack) |
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Term
| What does washing do to the film? |
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Definition
*removes fixer and developer solution from surface of film
*another step to manifest image |
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Term
| what happens if a film is not washed properly? |
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Definition
| film will turn brown and fade over time |
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Term
| What is volume replenishment used for? |
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Definition
*high volume workloads
*micro-switch activated: turns on replenishment and remains on as long as film is traveling theough |
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Term
| What is flood replenishment used for? |
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Definition
*replenishment of solution at timed intervals
*does not depend on number or size of films being processed
*solution pumped into processor every several minutes when processor is on stand by
*best used for low to medium number of films |
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Term
| what are exposure artifacts associated with the radiographer caused by? |
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Definition
*motion
*improper positioning
*wrong screen-film match
*poor screen contact
*double exposure
*warped cassette
*improper grid position |
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Term
| what are processing artifacts caused by? |
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Definition
*pressure type caused by transport system which appear as higher OD
*When emulsion is scratched or removed they appear as lower OD |
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Term
| what are exposure artifacts? |
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Definition
| artifacts associated with the manner in which the radiographer performs exam |
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Term
| What are processing artifacts? |
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Definition
| artifacts that are produced during processing |
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Term
| The purpose of the re-circulation filter? |
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Definition
| removes impurities as developer solution is re-circulated |
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Term
| What are handling and storage artifacts? |
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Definition
*image fog due to temp or humidity change
*film bin not sealed from radiation
*pressure marks from film being stacked incorrectly
*White-light leaked into darkroom cause streak like artifacts of increased OD |
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Term
| What are scratches on films caused by? |
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Definition
| pressure on the feed tray |
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Term
| what are pressure marks caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Pi lines caused by? |
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Definition
| *caused by dirt or chemical stain on roller which effects the emulsion |
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Term
| what causes guide shoe marks? |
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Definition
*Occurs when guide shoes in turn assembly are improperly positioned of line
*low optical density |
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Term
| what are dichroic stains? |
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Definition
| Two colors that can appear as yellow, green, blue, or purple |
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Term
| what causes dichronic stains? |
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Definition
| chemical stains caused by improper or inadequate processing chemistry |
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Term
| Plus density artifacts are? |
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Definition
| *greater density than area of radiograph immediately surrounding them |
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Term
| what causes plus densities? |
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Definition
| scratch artifacts can be caused by finger nail |
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Term
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Definition
| less density than area of radiograph immediately surrounding them |
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Term
| minus densities are caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two types of static artifacts? |
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Definition
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Term
| The section of the processor where the exposed silver bromide crystals are reduced to metallic silver? |
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Definition
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Term
| The preservative used in both the fixer and the developer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The hardener used in the developer? |
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Definition
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Term
| the section of the processor where the unexposed and underexposed silver bromide crystals are removed? |
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Definition
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Term
| the chemical that develops the gray tones of the image? |
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Definition
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Term
| the agent that clears the film? |
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Definition
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Term
| The name of the excess density caused by the developer temp being to high? |
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Definition
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Term
| the chemical that develops the black areas of the image? |
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Definition
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Term
| the chemical used as a restrainer? |
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Definition
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Term
| this section of the processor has an alkali solution |
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Definition
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Term
| The agent that makes the fixer an acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| the chemical used as a fixing agent? |
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Definition
| ammonium thiosulfate, hypo |
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Term
| the agent that controls film fog |
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Definition
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Term
| the chemical used as a hardener in the fixer? |
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Definition
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