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| Remnants of organs, structures, or behaviors that had function in an early ancestor but has lost its function in present time |
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| Extinct species in fossils are what led up the current extant species |
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| Provided link between dinosaurs and birds adding more evidence for evolution |
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| Diagram showing the relationship and evolutionary pathways of organisms through time |
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Ability to survive, find a mate, and reproduce.
Ability to pass on genes for survival of species |
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| Similar structure or behavior that is due to a recent common ancestor |
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| Two similar structures or behaviors that developed independently of each other |
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| The study of the distribution of animals and ecosystems both spatially and through time |
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Showed that extinction is real by proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the Irish Elk was a unique species that no longer lives on Earth
Catastrophism |
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Definition
Use it or Lose it
Spontaneous generation
Ladder of life |
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Definition
On the origin of species by means of natural selection
Selective breeding
Artificial Selection |
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Definition
| Synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin |
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| Wrote an essay on populations that provided a conceptual framework for Darwin's theory of natural selection through a "struggle" for existence |
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Expanded on uniformitarianism
Used geologic evidence to challenge age of the Earth |
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Plate shifting
Uniformitarianism |
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Pea plants
Mendelian genetics |
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| Darwin's main three points in Origin of Species |
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Definition
1) Species evolve into new species over time
2) All species share a common origin
3) Natural selection is the mechanism by which species evolove |
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Definition
1) Variation between individuals in a population
2) Variation has to be heritable
3) Differences in survival and reproduction among individuals
4) Postulate 3 is random |
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The process in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to have better fitness
Acts on phenotype at the population level
A response to the environment |
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| Change in the genetic structure of a population that transends the lifetime of an individual |
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| Early whale-like animal that retained its hind limbs and pelvis |
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| 4 General Steps of De-Extinction |
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Definition
1) Have genome sequenced
2) Synthesize genome of dead organism (missing pieces can be filled in with close living relative)
3) Create stem cells of dead organism
4) Stem cells made into germ cells that fertilize and create new organism |
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Definition
5 mass extinctions
Permian is the largest. 96% of living species died 252 mya |
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Definition
Cretaceous Extinction
Asteroid impact killing ~50% of living species
Impact evidence in Yucatan peninsula
Killed all dinosaurs |
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Definition
| Includes monkeys, apes, hominids, and prosimians |
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Early arboreal primates
Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers etc. |
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| Monkeys, apes, and humans |
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Split between chimpanzee, gorilla, and humans
Bonobo chimpanzee is closest related to humans
Occurred 4-5 mya |
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| Different features evolved at different rates |
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First appear around 5-7 mya
Erect bipedal primate mammals |
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| Most recent common ancestor of Neanderthals and humans |
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Definition
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| Small brain, large teeth, bipedal |
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Large brain, small teeth, bipedal
Less hair on body
Wore furs |
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Definition
Large brain, small teeth, bipedal
Massive brain
Large torso, short limbs
Cave dwellers |
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Definition
| At least 16 different forms found in fossil record |
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Term
| Who left Africa first and to where? |
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Definition
| Heidelbergensis left first going to Europe and Asia |
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| Regional Continuity Model |
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Definition
| Humans evolved simultaneously across the entire Old World from several ancestral populations |
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Definition
| Humans evolved only once, from H. heidelbergensis in Africa, then migrated throughout Old World |
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Oldowan: 2-2.5 mya
Acheulean: roughly made handaxes 0.2-1.5 mya
Mousterian: finely made weapons 35-200 tya
Solutrean: Most modern tools around 21 tya |
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