Term
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Definition
| Involves the debate whether development is primarily influenced by biology or environment |
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Term
| Continuity vs Discontinuity |
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Definition
| The extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages |
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Term
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Definition
| This issue involves the degree to which we remain consistent in our development |
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Term
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Definition
| Nature vs Nurture, Continuity vs Discontinuity, Stability vs Change |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on oldest age documented, currently 122 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Average number of years that a person can expect to live, currently 78 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytical Theories, Cognitive Theories, Behavioral & Social Cognitive Theories, Ethological Theory, Ecological Theory |
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Term
| Psychoanalytical Theories |
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Definition
- Freud, Erikson
- Early experiences and family relationships are very important to development
- Unconscious aspects of the mind are considered
- Personality is best seen as a developmental process
- discontinuity, nature and nurture |
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Term
| Erikson’s 8 Psychosocial Stages |
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Definition
1. Trust vs Mistrust (infancy, 1st year)
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (infancy, 1-3)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (preschool years)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (elementary years)
5. Identity vs Identity Confusion (10-20)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20s, 30s)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40s, 50s)
8. Integrity vs Despair (60s, onward) |
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Term
| Piaget's Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
- Stresses conscious mental processes
- Cognitive processes are influenced by biological maturation
- Assimilation and accommodation underlie how children understand the world, adapt to it, and organize their experiences
- Discontinuity, nature and nurture |
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Term
| Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational |
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Term
| Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| Infant constructs and understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage, birth-2 |
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Term
| Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action, 2-7 |
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Term
| Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets, 7-11 |
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Term
| Piaget's Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways, 11- adult |
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Term
| Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
- Children actively construct their knowledge
- Social interaction and culture guide cognitive development
- Learning is based upon inventions of society
- Knowledge is created through interactions with other people and objects in the culture
- Less skilled persons learn from the more skilled
- Scaffolding
- Zone of Proximal Development |
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Term
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Definition
- Pavlov’s classical conditioning includes conditioned and unconditioned responses
- Watson applies association and generalization
- Operant conditioning focuses on positive and negative reinforcement
- Continuity, environment/nurture |
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Term
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Definition
- Behavior is strongly influenced by biology.
- Behavior is tied to evolution.
- Behavior is characterized by critical periods.
- European zoologist Konrad Lorenz identified imprinting.
- John Bowlby theorizes about attachment.
- Discontinuity, strong biological view |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Theories |
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Definition
- Banduar's Modeling/Imitation
- Focuses on observation and imitation
- Continuity, environment/nurture |
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Term
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Definition
- Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner.
- Consists of 5 environmental systems:
The Microsystem
The Mesosystem
The Exosystem
The Macrosystem
The Chronosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the child's development including: family, school, religious institutions, neighborhood, and peers |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. Examples are the relation of family experiences to school experiences, school experiences to church experiences, and family experiences to peer experiences. For example, children whose parents have rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relations with teachers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. For example, a parent's or child's experience at home may be influenced by the other parent's experiences at work. The parent might receive a promotion that requires more travel, which might increase conflict with the other parent and change patterns of interaction with the child. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. A child, his or her parent, his or her school, and his or her parent's workplace are all part of a large cultural context. Members of a cultural group share a common identity, heritage, and values. The macrosystem evolves over time, because each successive generation may change the macrosystem, leading to their development in a unique macrosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. For example, divorces are one transition. Researchers have found that the negative effects of divorce on children often peak in the first year after the divorce. By two years after the divorce, family interaction is less chaotic and more stable. An example of sociohistorical circumstances is the increase in opportunities for women to pursue a career during the last thirty years |
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Term
| 3 Stages of Prenatal Development |
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Definition
- Germinal Period 0-2weeks
- Embryonic Period 2-10weeks
- Fetal Period 10-40weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to conceive a child after 12 months of attempting |
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Term
| In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) |
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Definition
| Egg and sperm are combined in a laboratory & fertilized egg is transferred to woman’s uterus |
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Term
| Stages of the Germinal Period |
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Definition
- Fertilization
- Blastocyst
- Trophoblast
- Implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| When blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall |
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Term
| Important Embryonic Developments |
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Definition
| Neural tube, eyes, heart, arms, legs, face, intestines, |
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Term
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Definition
| Chance of life outside womb, 23/24 weeks minimum |
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Term
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Definition
| The absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development, results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day of conception |
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Term
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Definition
| A developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open |
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Term
| Prenatal Screening & Diagnostic tests |
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Definition
| AFP, ultrasound sonography, Amniocentesis, fetal MRI, CVS |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha-fetoprotein, maternal blood screen, high AFP cause be a high risk of down syndrome, neural tube defects |
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Term
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Definition
| Can detect genetic/chromosomal issues, week 15/16, tests amnionic fluid, risk of spontaneous miscarriage |
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Term
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Definition
| Chorionic villus sampling, can be done earlier than amniocentesis but carries a higher risk of spontaneous miscarriage |
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Term
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Definition
- Down Syndrome, extra 21st chromosome
- Klinefelter Syndrome, XXY, males
- Fragile X Syndrome, males
- Turners Syndrome, missing X in females
- XYY, above average height, males |
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Term
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Definition
| Cystic Fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, Huntington disease, PKU, Sickle-cell anemia, spina bifida, Tay-Sachs disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Any agent that can negatively alter structure, function, cognitive and behavioral outcomes, most serious damage within the first 2-8 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
- Drugs (prescription, nonprescription)
- Incompatible blood types
- Environmental pollutants
- Infectious diseases
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Maternal stress
- Advanced age of parent |
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Term
| Severity of Teratogens Depends on: |
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Definition
- Dose
- Genetic susceptibility
- Time of exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed time period during which certain experiences or events can have a long-lasting effect on development |
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Term
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Definition
-Facial deformities
- Defective limbs, face, heart
- Deficits in intellectual disability
- ADHD, emotional/behavioral/social issues |
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Term
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Definition
- A condition in which the fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen
- Baby secretes adrenaline and noradrenalin |
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Term
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Definition
- Assessed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
- Heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and reflex irritability
- 10 is highest, 3 or below life threatening/emergency |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
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Definition
- 24–36 hours after birth
- Assesses neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects |
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Term
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) |
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Definition
- More comprehensive analysis of newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities
- Assesses the “at-risk” infant |
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Term
| Major Causes of Infant Mortality |
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Definition
- US ranks 26th
- Congenital malformations
- Low birth weight, preterm
- SIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants that weight less than 5.5 lbs at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Born three weeks or more before full term |
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Term
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Definition
| Birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered normal |
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Term
| Reasons for Increase in Preterm Births |
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Definition
- Number of births to mothers 35 years and older
- Rates of multiple births
- Management of maternal and fetal conditions
- Substance abuse
- Stress |
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Term
| Causes of Low Birth Weight |
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Definition
- Poor health and nutrition
- Adolescent births
- Smoking, drugs
- Multiple births
- Maternal complications
- Improved technology and prenatal care |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 5-6 oz a week, weight triples by 1st birthday, gain 1 inch a month |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain swelling and hemorrhaging from child abuse trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally and continues into adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
- Promotes breast feeding and a quicker response to crying
- Allows mother to detect potentially dangerous breathing pauses in baby
- American Academy of Pediatrics discourages shared sleeping
- Risk of rolling over on baby, SIDS |
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Term
| SIDS- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
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Definition
- Infants stop breathing and die without apparent cause
- Highest cause of infant death in the US
- Highest risk 4-6 weeks
- Risks decreases sleeping on back |
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Term
| Risk Factors Associated with SIDS |
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Definition
- Sibling with SIDS
- Infants with sleep apnea or LBW
- Cigarette smoke
- Lower SES
- African American or Eskimo |
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Term
| Benefits of Breastfeeding |
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Definition
- Fewer gastrointestinal and lower respiratory tract infections
- Potentially decreased risk of asthma
- Less likely to become overweight or obese
- Less incidence of diabetes or SIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| Sucking, Moro(Startle), Rooting, Grasping, Babinski |
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Term
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Definition
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