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Exam 1
Terms from Exam 1 Study Guide
59
Astronomy
Undergraduate 1
09/18/2014

Additional Astronomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Acceleration
Definition

change in speed and/or direction


unit:a 

Term
Atomic Number
Definition

number of protons in nucleus 

i.e.: 8 protons=oxygen 

Term
Atoms
Definition

type of atom (i.e.: element) determined by number of protons in nucleus

i.e.: proton=hydrogen atom

Term
Tycho Brahe
Definition

complied very accurate naked eye observations (late 1500s)

hired Johannes Kepler to explain data of planetary motion (1600); spent 18 years working with the data to uncover law of planets motion

Term
Chemical Reactions
Definition
involves electric force: electrons change position; create new molecules
Term
Nuclear Reactions
Definition
involve strong force: protons change position; creates new atoms
Term
Comparative Planetology
Definition
highlight the differences and similarities of objects (planets) in solar system
Term
Copernicus
Definition

473 A.D.-543 A.D.


Copernican Model: sun in center (Late Middle Ages)





Term
Densities of Planets & Sun
Definition

Sun: 1,400 kg/m3

Mercury: 5,400 kg/m3

Venus: 5,200 kg/m3

Earth: 5,500 kg/m3

Mars: 3,900 kg/m3

Term
Distance
Definition
velocity x time= distance
Term
Distances of Planets from Sun
Definition

Mercury: 0.39 AU

Venus: 0.72 AU

Earth: 1 AU (1.5 x 1011 m)

Mars: 1.52 AU

Term
Doppler Effect
Definition

by looking at spectra in detail, we can determine the motion of a distant object


formula:

v= c(λshift- λrest)

--------------------------

λrest

 

Term
Egyptian Calendar
Definition

4200 B.C.-46 B.C


based on exact 365 day year 

- missed spring equinox every four years by one day

Term
Einstein
Definition

1905: Special Relativity theory

-matter and energy are equivalant 


E=MC2

  

e: energy 

m: mass

c2: (sped of light)2


Term
Electrons
Definition
fundamental
Term
Energy
Definition

objects that are moving/ have potential to move

-total energy is constant

-cannot be created/destroyed, only converted to another form


Conservation of Energy: energy of photon is exactly equal to difference of the electron


Forms:

-kinetic (moving)

- potential (may move in future)

-radiative (light energy) 

Term
Equinoxes
Definition

Spring Equinox:

-March 21

-equal length of days & nights


Fall Equinox: 

- September 21 

- equal length of days & nights

Term
Frequency
Definition

number of wavelengths that pass a particular point in given amount of time 


formula:

cycles

                                  -----------               = hertz (Hz)

second

Term
Fundamental Particles
Definition

electrons

quarks

Term
Galileo
Definition

perfected telescope in 1609 


first to cement Copernican Model


first to document phases of the venus (only possible if venus orbits sun, NOT earth)

-crescent

-gibbous

-full

-quarter

-new

 

Term
Geocentric Model
Definition
Greek philosophers envisioned earth center of universe; sun, moon, planets orbit earth (~400 B.C.)
Term
Greenhouse Effect
Definition
trapping of some of the infrared light that a planet would otherwise emit back into space
Term
Keplers Laws
Definition

1. orbit of each planet is an elipse with sun at one focus; cirlce is elipse with semi major- semi minor (1610)


2. as the planet orbits, it sweeps out equal areas during equal times; when a planet is near sun the speed of planet is greater (1610)


3. the square of the planets period (P2) is equal to the cube of the planets distance (a3) : P2=a3 (1618)



Term
Light
Definition

electromagnetic wave

transports energy

white light, visible light, black light'

spectrum (hightest to lowest): gamma, x ray, uv, visible, infrared, microwave, radio wave

emission

absorption

transmission

reflection/refraction/scattering

waves: disturbances having peaks and troughs

unit: Joules (J)

Term
Mass
Definition

amount of matter that an object contains

unit: m

Term
Metric Unit Prefixes
Definition

kilo: 103

mega: 106

giga: 109



centi: 10-2

milli: 10-3

micro: 10-6




Term
Molecules
Definition

binding of atoms

i.e.: 2 hydrogen with 1 oxygen (water, H2O)

Term
Momentum
Definition

product of mass x velocity (p)

p=m x v

p: momentum

m: mass

v: velocity

Term
Months and the Moon
Definition

moon makes one complete orbit around the earth: 29.5 days


measured from one new moon to the next


position relative to earth and sun, lunar phases


origin: 365.25 (days/year) ÷ 29.5 (days/month)= 12.8 (months/year)


 

Term
Newton
Definition

Laws of Motion:

1. object in motion stays in motion, object at rest stays at rest (unless acted on by an outside force) "Law of Inertia"

2. force acting on a body; a= f/m or f=m/a (a:acceleratoin, f:force, m:mass)

3. for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction force; always in pairs


Law of Gravity:

FM= GMm

        -------

        r2

Term
Galaxies and Stars
Definition

number of galaxies: 100 billion


number of stars: 1022 in visible universe, 100 billion in Milky Way

Term
Julian Calendar
Definition

roman, Caesar


46 B.C.- 1582 A.D.


based on seasons


one year: time from one spring equinox to the next spring equinox


year broken into solar days, just under 365.25 days

Term
Planets Orbit Around Sun
Definition
orbit: perihelion
Term
Orders of Magnitude
Definition

orders: 10= 2 orders of magnitude

104= 4

107= 7

*exponent gives order of magnitude*

Term
Astronomical Unit
Definition

average distance between earth and sun (AU)


1 AU= 150 × 10km or 1.5 × 108 km



Term
Lightyear
Definition

1 ly= speed of light × 1 year


1 ly= 63,200 AU


unit: ly

Term
Parsec
Definition

hypotenuse of 1 AU (right triangle with opposite angle of 1 arc sec)


1 pc= 206,265 Au

1 pc= 3.1 × 1013 km

1 pc= 3.26 ly


unit: pc

Term
Phases of Matter
Definition

solid: particles held tightly in place (ice)


liquid: particles togther, move freely (water)


gas: particles are apart and move unconstrained (steam)


plasma: electrons become disassociated from atoms and molecules, form ions

Term
Phases of the Moon
Definition

full moon (farthest from sun)


new moon: sun, moon, stars (closest to sun) 


quarter moon: half way point (middle)


crescent moon: 1/8 point (second closest)


gibbous moon (second farthest)

Term
Photons
Definition

particle of light


only have momentum and energy, NO MASS! 


product of constant h

                                       ------  = p

                                λ


h: plancks constant 

p: momentum 


energy: h•f

Term
Power
Definition

rate that energy is transported


energy

-----------

time


J/S= watt (w; unit for power) 


Term
Protons and Neutrons
Definition

not fundamental, made of quarks 


protons: hold electrons via electric force

Term
Ptolemaic Model
Definition

150 A.D. (500 years after Geocentric Model)


Ptolemy redefined geocentric model to explain retrograde motions


planets invisioned to travel around small circles as they orbit earth

Term
Quark
Definition
bound together by strong force to form protons and neutrons
Term
Radius of Sun and Planets
Definition

radius: Rearth


sun: 108

mercury: 0.38

venus: 0.95

earth: 1 (6×106m)

mars: 0.53


Term
Seasons
Definition

spin axis tilted 23.5° relative to plane of earths orbit around the sun 


during winter, northern hemisphere recieves less sunlight (average temperatures are lower, creating percipitation= snow!)


during summer, northern hemisphere recieves more sunlight (tilted more towards sun, average temperatures are higher)

Term
Solstices
Definition

Summer Solstice: 

June 21 

northern hemisphere 

longer days


Winter Solstice:

December 21

northern hemisphere

shorter days

Term
Spectra
Definition

atoms can emit/absorb light (photons) 


quantum theory: electron can only exist in certain energy orbits and nowhere inbetween, photons will only have certain energies/colors (energy of photon is quantized)


wavelength (color) of photon is related to its energy; equal to h×c

                                                                                                 --------

                                                                                                 energy 


each atom has unique color fingerprint 

Term
Strong Force
Definition
binds protons and neutorns to form nucleus of atom
Term
Electric Force
Definition
helps protons hold electrons together
Term
Synchoronous Rotation
Definition

always see the same face of the moon


moon rotates on its own axis in same time it orbits earth 


rotation and orbit periods the same, synchoronous rotation 

Term
Temperatures of Sun and Planets
Definition

sun: ~6,000 K (Kelvin)

mercury: 800°F (sun side), -280°F (dark side)

venus: 880°F

earth: 62°F

mars: -60°F

Term
Tides
Definition
strength of gravity decreases with distance, moon pulls greatest on regions of earth that are closest to moon and pulls little on regions farther away 
Term
Tidal Forces
Definition
affects land and water
Term
Velocity
Definition

knowing wavelength and frequency (speed) 


wavelength (m) × frequency (Hz): m×Hz

Term
Speed of Light
Definition

approximate, constant 


c=3 × 10m/s

c=wavelength × frequency (λ×f)

Term
Wavelength
Definition

distance from one peak/ trough to the next peak/trough 


unit: λ

Term
Weight
Definition

force due to gravity 


FG=mg (weight; w)


F: force

m: mass

g: gravity

w:weight 

Term
Weightlessness
Definition
sensation occurs when an object is accelerationg downward at same rate as gravity is pulling you down
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