Term
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Definition
| a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely, the absence of disease and infirmity |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who have common characteristics can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest or other common bond |
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Term
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Definition
| the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health |
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Term
| Define population health: |
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Definition
| the health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health. |
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Term
| What is the difference between community health and personal health: |
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Definition
| personal health deals with personal decisions and actions while community health deals with protecting or improving the health of a whole community |
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Term
| What factors affect community health? |
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Definition
| physical, social factors, cultural factors, community organizations and individual behavoirs |
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Term
| What are physical factors of community health? |
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Definition
| industrial development, community size, environment and geography |
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Term
| What are social and cultural factors of community health? |
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Definition
| beliefs, traditions and prejudices, economics, politics, religion, socioeconomic status and social norms |
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Term
| What are community organization factors that affect community health? |
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Definition
| identify problem, mobilize resources, work toward change |
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Term
| What are individual behaviors affect community health? |
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Definition
| takes the concerted effort of many if not mort, to improve community health |
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Term
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Definition
| The Father of Epidemiology |
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Term
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Definition
modern era public health begins
Shattuck's report (launches us into public health, first time health data is collected) |
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Term
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Definition
| Snow removes pump handle (ends cholera epidemic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pasteur proposed germ theory |
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Term
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Definition
| APHA founded (American Public Health Association) |
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Term
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Definition
| Koch established relationship between the microbe and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| reed announced yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (vector) |
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Term
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Definition
| life expectancy less than 50 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Sinclair's The Jungle published |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st local health department |
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Term
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Definition
Birth of school health
1st school of public health in US (John's Hopkins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood created 1st professional preparation for health education |
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Term
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Definition
| New Deal, unsuccessful attempt at national health care |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hilton-Burton Act (government funding for hospitals in rural areas) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Health information and health promotion act passed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the issues that were are facing in the early 2000's? |
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Definition
| health care delivery, environmental problems, lifestyle disease, alcohol and other drug abuse, disasters, health disparities, public health preparedness |
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Term
| What are the 4 goals of Healthy people 2020? |
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Definition
1. attain high quality of life, longer lives free of preventable diseases, disability, injury and premature death
2. achieve health equity, eliminate disparities and improve the health of all groups
3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. promote quality of life, health development and healthy behaviors across all life stages |
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Term
| What are the major types of community organizations? |
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Definition
| governmental, quasi-governmental and nongovernmental |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of governmental health agencies? |
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Definition
1. funded by tax dollars
2. managed by the government
3. found at several levels: international (WHO), national (DHHS), state (Indiana Department of Health), local (Delaware county health department) |
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Term
| What is the history of WHO? |
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Definition
United Nations Charter in 1945 established need (WW2)
Began April 7, 1948 as World Health day |
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Term
| What is the organization of the WHO? |
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Definition
1) membership open to countries that ratify constitution
2) headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
3) comprised of 193 delegated
4) financed by member nations based on ability to pay |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the WHO? |
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Definition
1) attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health
2)most carried out work in poor countries
3) Millennium Development Goals
4) Major challenges identified
5) strengthen health systems
6) ensuring that health is a priority |
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Term
| What is the Department of Health and Human Services? |
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Definition
| largest department in federal government, 25% of federal budget, has 11 agencies and 10 regional offices |
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Term
| What is the Administration of Aging(AoA)? |
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Definition
| designated to carrying out the provisions of the older Americans Act of 1965 (funds meals on wheels and retirement homes) |
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Term
| What is the Administration for Children and Families (ACF)? |
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Definition
| responsible for providing direction and leadership for al federal programs for needy children and families |
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Term
| What is the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)? |
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Definition
| lead federal agency for research on health care quality, costs, outcomes and patient safety |
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Term
| What are the agencies under the DHHS? |
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Definition
1) administration of aging
2)administration for children and families
3) Agency for healthcare research and quality
4)Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry
5)Center for Disease Control and Prevention
6)Food and Drug Administration
7)Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services
8)Health Resources and Services administration
9)Indian Health Services
10)Substance abuse and mental health services administration
11)National institutes of Health |
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Term
| What is the agency of toxic substance and disease registry (ATSDR)? |
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Definition
| created by superfund legislation; serves public to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances |
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Term
| What is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)? |
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Definition
| the nation's premier health promotions, prevention and preparedness agency and global leader in public health. |
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Term
| What is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? |
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Definition
| responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medial devices, food supply, cosmetics and products that emit radiation. |
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Term
| Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS)? |
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Definition
| administers the medicare (elderly & certain disabilities) and Medicaid (poor) programs which provide health care coverage to about 8 million americans |
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Term
| What is health resources and services administration (HRSA)? |
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Definition
| helps provide health resources for medically underserved populations; works to build the healthcare workforce |
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Term
| What is Indian Health Services (IHS)? |
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Definition
| the goal to raise physical, mental, social and spiritual health of American Indians and Alaska natives to the highest level |
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Term
| What is the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services administration (SAMHSA)? |
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Definition
| ensures up to date information and state of the art practice is effectively used for the prevention and treatment of addictive and mental disorders |
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Term
| What is the national institutes of the Health (NIH)? |
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Definition
| one of the worlds foremost medical research centers and the federal focal point for the medical research in the US |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the State Health Agencies? |
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Definition
| to promote, protect and maintain the health and welfare of their citizens |
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Term
| What are the typical Bureaus or Divisions of state health agencies? |
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Definition
1) administration
2)communicable disease prevention and control
3) chronic disease prevention and control
4) vital and health statistics
5) health education or promotion
6) mental health
7) maternal and child health
8) occupational and industrial health
9) dental health
10) laboratory services
11) veterinary public health |
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Term
| What is the job of the local health department? |
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Definition
responsibility of the city or county governments, funding comes from local taxes, state funding, federal funding
most services are mandated by state laws |
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Term
| Define coordinated school health program: |
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Definition
| an organized set of policies, procedures and activities designed to protect, promote and improve the health and well-being of students and staff, thus improving the students ability to learn |
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Term
| What are quasi-governmental organizations? |
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Definition
| some responsibilities assigned by government but operate more like voluntary agencies, funded by tax dollars and private sources: American red cross, national academy of science etc. |
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Term
| What are nongovernmental health agencies? |
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Definition
funded by private donations or membership fees, free from governmental interference
many types: voluntary, professional, social, philanthropic, service, religion.
May be national, state and locally active |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems |
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Term
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Definition
| an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related conditions or events in defined population |
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Term
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Definition
an investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other
health-related conditions or events in defined population |
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Term
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Definition
| outbreak of disease that begins in animals and spreads to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent (flu pandemic of 1918-19 killed 25 million people worldwide) |
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Term
| What happened in 1793 (epidemiology)? |
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Definition
| yellow fever in philly: killed 4,044 people cause (mosquito) discovered in 1901 by major walker reed |
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Term
| What happened in 1849 (epidemiology): |
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Definition
| Cholera in London; snow investigated & in 1854 removed Broad Street pump handle; 30 years before Louis Pasteur "germ theory" |
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Term
| What is the importance of rates? |
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Definition
| allows for a comparison of outbreaks that occur at different times or in different places |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time: natality (birth, morbidity (sickness) & mortality or fatality (death rates) |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of new health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in a given time period (used for acute illnesses) |
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Term
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Definition
| calculated by dividing all current cases of a disease (old and new) by the total population (uses for chronic disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| a special incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak expressed as a % to help identify likely cause |
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Term
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Definition
| those that last three months or less |
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Term
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Definition
| those that last three months or more |
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Term
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Definition
| those in which the dominator includes the total population |
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Term
| Define age-adjusted rates: |
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Definition
| those used to make comparisons of relative risk across group and over time when groups differ in age structure |
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Term
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Definition
| measure morbidity or mortality for particular populations or diseases |
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Term
| Define notifiable diseases: |
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Definition
| infectious diseases which health officials request or require reporting |
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Term
| Define National Electronic Telecommunications System (NETS): |
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Definition
| the electronic reporting system used by state health departments and CDC |
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Term
| Define morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): |
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Definition
| a report of CDC used to present notifiable disease data |
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Term
| Define mortality statistics: |
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Definition
| single most reliable measure of population health |
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Term
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Definition
| average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time |
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Term
| Define years of potential life lost (YPLL) |
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Definition
| number of years lost when death occurs before 65-75 years of age |
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Term
| Define disability-adjusted life years (DALYS): |
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Definition
| measure of the burden of disease that takes into account premature death and loss of healthy life resulting from disability. |
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Term
| Define health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE): |
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Definition
| number of years of healthy life expected on average in a given population |
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Term
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Definition
| conducted every 10 years, enumeration of population |
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Term
| Define Statistical Abstract of the US: |
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Definition
| a book published annually that includes statistics on social, political and economic organization |
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Term
| Define Month vital statistics report: |
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Definition
| statistical summaries of records of major life events |
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Term
| Define morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): |
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Definition
| prepared by the CDC and reports cases of notifiable diseases in the US and also includes articles on other public health problems |
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Term
| Define national health surveys: |
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Definition
many different ones; conducted by the NCHS or CDC
examples: NHIS, NHANES, BRFSS, YRBSS, NHCS |
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Term
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Definition
| asks questions about health |
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Term
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Definition
| health and nutritional status using mobile van |
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Term
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Definition
| Youth risk behavior factors |
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Term
| What is part of a descriptive study? |
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Definition
1) who: age, sex, ethnic, race, socioeconomic status
2) when: time of day, week, month, season, year, decades, incubation period
3)where: country, state, county, street, urban or rural, domestic or foreign, institutional or non-institutional |
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Term
| What are analytical studies? |
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Definition
| purpose: testing of hypothesis about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors with two basic types observational and experimental studies |
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Term
| What are the different types of observational studies? |
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Definition
1) case/control study (retrospective)
2) cohort study (prospective) |
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Term
| Define case/control study: |
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Definition
| one that seeks to compare those diagnosed w/a disease w/ those who do not have the disease for prior exposure to specific risk factors |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which a cohort is classified by exposure to one or more specific risk factors and observed to determine the rates at which disease develops in each group |
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Term
| Define experimental studies: |
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Definition
| often done first in animals, contains a control group and placebo |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by specific biological agent or its product and can be transmitted from infected to susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| one that can't be transmitted from infected to susceptible host |
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Term
| Give examples of Biological Agents: |
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Definition
| viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, metazoa |
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Term
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Definition
| pesticides, food additives, pharmacologic, industrial chemicals, air pollutant, cigarette smoke |
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Term
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Definition
| heat, light, radiation, noise, vibration, speeding objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host |
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Term
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Definition
| the capability of a communicable disease agent cause disease in a susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| the element that must be present in order for cause of the disease to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| any susceptible organism invaded by an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| all other factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission |
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Term
| What is the chain of infection: |
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Definition
| a model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a host |
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Term
| What are the steps of the chain of infection? |
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Definition
1)Pathogen
2)Reservoir
3)Portal of Exit
4)mode of transmission
5) Portal of entry
6)New Host |
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Term
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Definition
| the disease-causing agent |
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Term
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Definition
| the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives and grows |
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Term
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Definition
| the path by which an agent leaves the source host |
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Term
| Define Mode of transmission: |
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Definition
| how pathogens are passed, direct or indirect |
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Term
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Definition
| agent enters susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| final link is a susceptible host |
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Term
| Define coronary heart disease (CHD): |
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Definition
| characterized by damage to the coronary arteries; also called coronary artery disease #1 killer |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from the build up of fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels |
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Term
| Define cerebrovascular disease (stroke): |
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Definition
| blood supply to the brain is disrupted; #4 killer |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells lose control over their growth and division; develop into a tumor #2 killer |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of the tumor break off and travel to the rest of the body's organs and continue their growth |
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Term
| What are the 3 main leading causes of death? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the top 3 of years of potential life lost? |
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Definition
| Cancer, unintentional injuries and CHD |
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Term
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Definition
| the planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease or other health |
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Term
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Definition
| taking action during an event |
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Term
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Definition
| containment of disease, limiting transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| total elimination of the disease |
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Term
| Define Primary prevention: |
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Definition
| measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period |
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Term
| Define secondary prevention: |
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Definition
| measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or injury to limit disability or prevent more severe pathogenesis |
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Term
| Define tertiary prevention: |
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Definition
| measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis= |
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