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| Summarizes the values of a data set by using charts and graphs, averages, and tables |
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| Make generalizations based on the descriptive stats of our sample |
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| Entire group of people or objects to be studied. |
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| Activities that turn inputs into outcomes |
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| VALUE that summarizes a characteristic of a POPULATION |
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| VALUE that summarizes a chacteristic of a SAMPLE |
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| Difference between the result of a sample and census |
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| Using sample information to learn about a population |
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| Single Charactersistic of any object or event |
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| Data expressed in words usually |
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| Data units are placed in classes and have no natural ordering |
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| Data units are ranked in some sort of order |
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| Hotel ratings, class standing. |
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| Data values are measured by meaningful numbers that tell how much or how many |
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| no defined zero value, ratio is not meaningful, Valid Computation: Difference |
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| Example of Interval Scale |
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| Defined zero value, ratio is meaningful, Vaid computation: difference or average |
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| TRue or False: A desciptive measure of a sample is a parameter |
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| True or False: We should determine our objective before we start collecting data |
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True or False:
The numbers on a jersey is qualitative data |
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| The way that observations are spread across a range of values |
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| A table that tabulates the number of times a variable occurs |
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| A graph of QUALITATIVE DATA. Frequencies on vertical axes, classes on horozontal. |
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| Frequency compared to the total. always a % |
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| A frequency table group that covers a particular range of values. |
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| Bar graph of quantitative data in which each bar represents a bin. The height of the bar is proportional to the number of data values in the bin. |
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| Why do we have to define bin categories? |
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| So we dont hdouble count data |
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A cumulative Relative Frequency always totals too: |
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| Negative, values clustered on right |
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| Postitive, values clustered on left |
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True or false
A data set that is skewed left has most of the data values on the lft with a few trailing off to the right |
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| False: that would be skewed right |
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| Why is a stem and leaf plot useful? |
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| Shows distribution of data AND contains all the original data values. |
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| What information can we get from a stem and leaf plot? |
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| Min value, Max value, Median, Mode |
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| VALUES in a data set that divide the data into 100 equal parts. |
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| Located at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles |
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| DIFFERENCE between first and third quartiles (central 50% of data) |
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| A pictorial display that indicates the range, median, and interquartile range |
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True or False:
The first quartile of a disribution can never be less than zero |
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| False: a value can be negative |
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| True or False: A boxplot is a good way to show the mean of a data set |
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| False: Doesnt directly show the mean |
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True or False:
A stem and leaf plot cannot be constructed from a boxplot, but a boxplot can be constructed from a stem and leaf plot |
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| True: Stem and leaf has data values |
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| Sum of all numerical observations/ total number of observations |
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Middle value in an ordered array of numbers
(50th Percentile) |
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| Has No Units (Independent of data) |
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| Advantages of Arithmetic Mean |
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| Easy to understand, easy to compute, uses all data values |
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| Disadvantages of Arithmetic |
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| Affected by Outliers, Cant compute it for open-ended frequency distributions |
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| True or False: The median and mode are not affected by outliers |
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| True or False: Every data set has a mode |
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| Each of the values are occuring at the same times |
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Mean absolute deviation
Standard Deviation
Variance
Coeffiecient of variation |
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FInd Mean
Subtract each value from mean
Square those numbers
Then add them together and divide by number of of values
For a sample: subtract number of values by 1 |
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| How to find Standard deviation |
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| Finding Mean absolute deviation |
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Find Mean
Subtract each value by mean
Take absolute value of answers and add together
Divide by number of values |
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| Which measures of variation measure distance from mean? |
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| True or false: Median is a measure of variablity of a data set |
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| Range is sensitive to all data values TRue or False |
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| False, only to the highest and lowest values |
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| True or False: If we want the average of all the deviations from the mean of a data set, we can simply divide by n |
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| Standard Deviation measures varitaion |
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| Fluctuation, Riskiness, Reliability, Volatility, measurement Error, Sampling Error |
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| True or False: A standard deviation can sometimes be larger in numerical value than a variance |
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| standard deviation/ mean of distribution times 100 |
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68% of the data values lie within one standard deviation of the mean
95% of the data values lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean
99.7% of the data values lie within 3 standard deviations of the mean
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| Student Score- Mean score/ Standard Deviation |
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| Goes from general to the specific |
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| Goes from the specific to the general |
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| process of obtaining info from data collected from a study that has unpredictable outcomes |
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| the most basic possible outcomes of an experiment that cannot be broken down an further |
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| collection of all possible simple events |
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| Mutually Exclusive Events |
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| Both events cannot occur at the same time |
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| A 2nd event made up of all simple events not in that first event. These 2 events make up entire sample space |
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| THe items in a sample space must be... |
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| # of possible ways of obtaining and event/ # of replications |
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most common approach
# of times event occurs/ # of replications |
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- conditions cannot be replicated
- Probability represents an individuals judgement |
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| True or False: When a probabilty is desrcibed in terms of the proportion of times that an event can be theoretically expected to occur, it is an example of relative frequency. |
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True or False:
When one throws a die 1000 times and determines that the probability of obtaining a six on a die is 1/6 that person has used the theoretical approach to probability |
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| Discrete Probability Distribution |
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| Consists of whole numbers or values that have distance between them and are countable |
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| COntinuos Probability Distribution |
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| Theoretically an infinite number of outcomes within a range |
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| Requirements for a discrete |
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The probability of each event must range from 0-1
The sum of probabilities must equal 1 |
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True or False:
Distribution of peoples heights is an example of a discrete probability distribution |
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True or False:
The sum of the probabilities in a discrete probability distribution could total 1.2 |
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| Requirements for random variables: |
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Numerical Values
Probabilities associated with those values dont need to be equal |
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