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| The disordered physiological processes associated with injury or diesease |
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| A state of complete physical, mental and social well being. |
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| Pathologic condition of the body that presents a group of clinical signs, symptoms and laboratory findings. |
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| "Normal" is defined from statistics from the population including mean and standard deviations. |
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| Reference Intervals (Normal Ranges) |
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| Usual values for all parameters within a healthy population |
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| Tendencies that promote the development of a disease. |
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| The cause pf a disease; factors that promote the development of diesease |
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| The evolution, effect and duration of a disease; lasts from initial stimulus to manifestations |
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| Observable changes have now occurred in a biological process |
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| Collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a given condition |
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| Signs and symptoms can either be: |
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Definition
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| What are the three stages of a disease? |
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| Subclinical, Prodromal and Acute. |
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Definition
| No signs or symptoms are apparent but abnormal physiology and lab values. |
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| Appearance of the first signs and symptoms |
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| Disease reaches full intensity |
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| What are the three outcomes of a disease? |
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Definition
| Sequela, Complication, Resolution |
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| Condition that is the consequence of a disease (Same pathology) |
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| New or separate process that arises secondarily to the original disease. (Different pathology) |
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| Return to normal function |
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Term
| Cellular Injury can either be |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular injury due to lack of oxygen |
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| What are causes of hypoxic cellular injury? |
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Definition
| Ischemia (Decreased bloodflow due to vasoconstriction or vascular obstruction) anemia, edema heart disease, lung disease and RBC disorders |
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| What are the different classes of hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Anemia hypoxia, Ischemia hypoxia, Histotoxic hypoxia and Hypoexemic hypoxia. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired blood circulation |
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Definition
| Impaired utilization of oxygen |
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Definition
| Reduced arterial oxygen levels |
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| What are the effects of hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Hydropic swelling, glycolytic pathway, cell death and reperfusion injury. |
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Definition
| Failure of the injured cells to maintain electrolyte balance through the Na+ and K+ pump; decrease in ATP causes the efflux of K+ ions and influx of Na+ ions and water. |
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Definition
| Switches to anaerobic metabolism, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. |
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Definition
| Blood supply is restored to tissue after a period of ischemia. Results in inflammation and oxidative damage |
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Definition
| Results from either nutritional deficiencies or nutritional excesses |
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Definition
| Mass of tissue undergoes necrosis |
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| What are the causes of gangrene? |
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Definition
| Loss of blood supply and bacterial growth |
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| What is the most common cause of chemical injury? |
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Definition
| Drugs or heavy metals such as lead and merucry |
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| What types of injuries would be considered physical injuries? |
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Definition
| Mechanical forces, temperature extremes and electrical forces |
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Definition
| Exposure to extreme cold causes increased blood viscosity and vasoconstriction. May be severe enough to cause ischemia and form ice crystals that rupture cells. Gangrene may also result |
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Definition
| Causes microvascular coagulation, speeds up cellular metabolic processes and leads to protein degredation |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes breakage of chemical bonds, ionization and heat production |
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Definition
| Causes disruption of neural, cardiac impulses. May also cause hyperthemia |
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Definition
| Caused by trauma. Result in blood loss or obstruction of blood flow, hypoxia and inflammation |
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Definition
| Occurs when an injury is too severe or prolonged to allow cellular adaption or repair |
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| Cell death can be classified as |
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Definition
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Definition
| Elimination of injured or aged cells, known as programmed cell death |
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| What are some distinct physical and biochemical characteristics of apoptosis? |
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Definition
| Shrinkage and condensation of nucleus and cytoplasm. Chromatin aggregation at the nuclear envelope. DNA fragmentation and the presence of apoptotic bodies |
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| What are the nuclear changes that occur during apoptosis? |
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Definition
| Pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus |
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Definition
| Fragmentation of the pyknotic nucleus |
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Definition
| Complete dissolution of chromatin |
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| In what situations does apoptosis occur? |
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Definition
| Embryonic development, maintenance of homeostasis and the immune system. |
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| What are the two pathways for apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Extracellular signaling proteins bind to cell surface molecules and trigger apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Apoptosis is activated by conditions such as DNA damage, hypoxia and decreased ATP levels |
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| Inhibitors of apoptosis can do what? |
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Definition
| Contribute to cancer and autoimmune diseases |
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Term
| Apoptosis is often evaded in cancer cells via |
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Definition
| Via overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins and dysregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathologic cell death, an unregulated enzymatic digestion of cellular components |
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| What are some common characteristics of necrosis? |
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Definition
| Loss of plasma membrane integrity, interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration and induces inflammatory response. |
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| How is the morphology of the nucleus affected during necrosis? |
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Definition
| The nucleus undergoes pyknosis, karryorhhexis and karyolysis. |
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| What are the generalized responses to necrosis? |
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Definition
| Loss of function in "dead" area, inflammation and abnormal laboratory values |
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| What are the different types of necrosis? |
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Definition
| Coagulative, liquefactive, fat and caseous |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common type of necrosis, retention of architectural pattern, dense in comparison to surrounding tissue. Caused by hypoxic injuries such as infarction and ischemia. Cell is composed of denatured proteins that are dissolved by proteolyte enzymes and replaces by scar tissue. |
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Definition
| Cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. Transforms tissue into liquid mass, forms abcess cyst. Usually associated with injury in brain and infections. Liquefied area of dissolved tissue |
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Definition
| Associated with death of adipose tissue. Caused by trauma or pancreatitis |
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Definition
| Leakage of enzymes, breakdown of adipose cells. Release of fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Dead cells remain indefinitely as a soft, cheese-like debris. Most commonly occurs as a result of injury to lung tissue by mycobacteria. |
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