Term
| Who was the father of Microbiology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who disproved the Spontaneous Generation and what did he do? |
|
Definition
Francesco Redi
Put meat in 3 containers: one uncovered, one covered with paper, and one covered with gauze |
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|
Term
| Who heated meat broth then stoppered it, which became cloudy and stated, "organic matter contains vital force?" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who trapped stuff from air in sterile cotton and put in sterile medium and had stuff grow in swan flasks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who said dust carries germs and to get rid of dust, would keep broth sterile even if exposed to air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Louis Pasteur known for? |
|
Definition
| pasteurization, vaccines, chicken cholera, rabies, and anthrax |
|
|
Term
| Who saw smallpox, created a vaccine from cowpox? Who originaly observed smallpox vaccination? |
|
Definition
| Edward Jenner/ Lady Montagu |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Isolated Anthrax agent and Koch's Postulates:
1. Microoranisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy org.
2. Microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. Same disease must result from inoculation of isolated microorganisms into healthy isolated
4. same microorganisms must be isolated from diseased host |
|
|
Term
| Who invented the Petri plate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Martinus Beijerinck known for? |
|
Definition
| filterable virus: tobacco mosaic virus, soil microbiology, enrighment techniques |
|
|
Term
| What is Sergei Winogradsky known for? |
|
Definition
| soil microbiology and enrighment techniques (came before Martinus) |
|
|
Term
| Who discovered childbed fever was spreading person to person and that must wash hands with calcium chloride to stop it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who invented antiseptic surgery and to sterilize instruments and wash hands? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ability of a lens to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is this equation:
d=0.5(lambda) /n sin(theta) |
|
Definition
| the distance between two objects at which they are perceived as distinct |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of dyes? |
|
Definition
Basic: bind to negatively charged
Acidic: bind to positively charged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one dye and staind everythign |
|
|
Term
| Define differential stain: |
|
Definition
| differentiate mixtures of bacteria; different microbes |
|
|
Term
| What are two more types of staining? |
|
Definition
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain: staind with stain and wash with alcohol and acid fast will stain and non acid fast will wash out |
|
|
Term
| What does flagellar stain, stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stains everything but the capsule (negative staining)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you get staining to not kill the sample? |
|
Definition
| By messing with the phase of light to image live cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark field with light sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has annular stop and phase plate, wavelength gets retarted and thus cancels out, darker image and lighter background. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Differential Interference Contrast |
|
Definition
| 2 plarized beams at right angles, 1 through sample, 1 through slide, beams are combined to interfere with each other, creates 3D image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample gives off light, sample stained with fluorochrome which absorbs excitation light as energy and releases as emmission light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specimen are 3D, light and fluorescence capture light from entire sample as confocal scanning laser focuses on a single plane |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of Electron microscopy: |
|
Definition
Transmission: fix the sample (preserve structures), embed in plastic, thin slices
Scanning: whole samples, capture image of scattered electrons, coat with gold |
|
|
Term
| Describe Freeze-Etch, Freeze-Facture |
|
Definition
| quick reeze, less fixation, preserve ultrastructures |
|
|
Term
| Scanning Probe Microscopes: |
|
Definition
| moving a probe across a surface, measure the movement of the probe; two types: scanning tunneling and atomic force |
|
|
Term
| What microscope would you use to see live bacteria swimming? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microscope would you use to see atomic orientation of a protein? |
|
Definition
| atomic force or scanning tunneling |
|
|
Term
| What microscope would you use to see 3D architecture of a bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microscope would you use to see a virus? |
|
Definition
| electron or scanning electron |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of microbes? |
|
Definition
Prokaryotic: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic: fungi and protists
Viruses |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things do mitochondria and chloroplasts have? |
|
Definition
| have own DNA (circular), own ribosomes, and own tRNA |
|
|
Term
| Prokarypic cells, what is diameter of largest and smallest? |
|
Definition
| 750 micrometers / .2 micrometers |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of coccus shaped microbes: |
|
Definition
| diplococci (spherical), streptococci (chains/strips), and staphylococci (grape-like clusters) |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 other shapes other than coccus: |
|
Definition
| rod, spirochete, curved (vibrio), pleomorphic |
|
|
Term
| How are bacteria divided? |
|
Definition
| Into 2 groups based on their gram stain reaction |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the fluid mosaic model? are their internal membranes? |
|
Definition
lipids, proteins, sugars, and hopanoid
yes, photohsyntheic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What bonds hold together bacteria and eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about archaeal membranes? |
|
Definition
| acyl chains are composed of isoprene units and form ether bonds |
|
|
Term
| What do archaeal membranes have? |
|
Definition
| tetraethers, isoprene, and monolayers which maintain rigidity under extreme conditions |
|
|
Term
| Describe Gram Positive Bacteria Membranes: |
|
Definition
| have peptidoglycan as cell wass with peptides and sugars. Also have teichoic acid and lipteichoic acid |
|
|
Term
| Describe Gram Negative bacteria membranes: |
|
Definition
| have peptidoglycan cell wall with also an inner membrane/outer membrane, periplasm, LPS, and porins (pore protein that allows things to pore into the periplasm) |
|
|
Term
| What does cytoskeleton do? |
|
Definition
maintains cell shape and properly positoins petidoglycan machinery
Ex: MreB in rod shape only
NOT in cocci! |
|
|
Term
| What forms ring at center of dividing cell and is required for septum formation in the cytoskeleton and is a homologe of tubulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are inclusion bodies? |
|
Definition
| granules of organic or inorgainc material (Gobs of stuff), used for storage and have glycogen, gas, and PHB |
|
|
Term
| What is a special magnetic inclusion body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between ribosomes: |
|
Definition
Eukaryotic: 80s -> 60s & 40s
Bacterial/Archaeal: 70s -> 50s & 30s |
|
|
Term
| Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has circular chromosomes, some lindear chormosomes, bacteria have no histones but archaea have some |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, closed, circular DNA molecules, exist and replicate independtly of chromosome and have relatively few genes present |
|
|
Term
| Are genes on plasmids essential to host? |
|
Definition
| No, but may confer selective advantage like antibiotic resistance or virulence |
|
|
Term
| What are toxins that kill other bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has polysaccharid coating, glycocalyx, and prevents phagocytosis and antibody recognition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structured, consists of protein and glycoprotein, and archaea only have this |
|
|
Term
| What is on the outside and has fimbriae and is known for adhesion, motility, and conjugation (transfer of genetic material)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are flagella polar? monotrichous? peritrichous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What works like a propellar on flagellum and which ways does it go? |
|
Definition
helical filament
run = counterclockwise
tumble = clockwise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new molecules of flagellin are transported through the hollow filament and growth is from tip |
|
|
Term
| What happens in presence of a chemical attractant? |
|
Definition
| tumbling frequency is reduced and runs in direction of attractant, which is longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like a motor with hydrogen ions and a proton pump (turns it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are gram positive bacteria, dormant, extremely resistant, and form within a bacterium |
|
|
Term
| What do endospores have to make them resistant? |
|
Definition
| spore coat mafe of protein layers |
|
|
Term
| What is emergence from spore under favorale conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does "vegetative" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During sporulation (formation of a spore), what can it do? |
|
Definition
| can engulf other spores and is asymmetrical |
|
|
Term
| Large prokaryote swallowed small prokaryote and had a symbiotic relationship describes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical that forms insoluble complexes with a dye |
|
|
Term
| Describe gram positive and gram negative. |
|
Definition
gram positive is when purple
gram negative is when red |
|
|
Term
| Difference in peptidoglycan in gram pos and gram neg? |
|
Definition
| gram positive is thick wall and gram negative is thin |
|
|
Term
| What does peptidoglycan have? |
|
Definition
| NAG, NAM, several different amino acids, and chains of linked peptidoglycans are crossliked by peptides |
|
|
Term
| Parts of peptidoglycan structure: |
|
Definition
| D-amino acids, DAP, and L-lysine |
|
|
Term
| Wher is pentapeptide always located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram negative has peptide interbridge where vs gram positive? |
|
Definition
negative: DAP to DAP
positive: D-Ala to L-Lys |
|
|
Term
| What 2 carriers synthesize peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detail synthesis process: |
|
Definition
UDP – NAM pentapeptide binds to Bactoprenol and bumps off UMP.
Then has a NAM to form Lipid 1.
Next NAG joins NAM covalently and forms lipid 2.
Then it flips from cytoplasm to periplasm.
Next joins to another Peptidoglycan.
Bactoprenol gets kicked off and flips back to inside to start process all over |
|
|
Term
| Process by which crosslinks are made is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DAP always binds to what?
What carries out the cleaving? |
|
Definition
4th Ala and cleaves the 5th
PBPs (penicillin binding proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 antimicrobial targets |
|
Definition
Penicillin
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Fosfomycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria digesting own peptidoglycan in order to grow and autolysins do this in order for new material to be added |
|
|
Term
| What covalently links proteins to peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe gram stain process: |
|
Definition
Crystal violet à mordant à alcohol to decolorize à counterstain of Safranin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| support cell shape, protect from toxic substances, contribute to pathogenicity, target for antimicrobials and osmotic protection |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of osmotic protection: |
|
Definition
Hypotonic solution à Lysis
Hypertonic solutionà Plasmolysis
Isotonic solutionà Happy Cells |
|
|
Term
| Which requires Sac and Tat only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has no peptidoglcan and has different cel was stuctures such as pseudomurein, polysaccharides, and S-layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Archaea has what instead of peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| NAG and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, different linkages, and L-amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What has simpler cell walls and polysaccharides made of chitin, cellulose, and glucan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you compare microbial genomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does greater G+C mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteobacteria is the smallest or largest phylum and is gram positive or negative and has how many groups? |
|
Definition
| largest/ negative/ five: alpha, beta, gamma, sigma, and epsilon |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria grow at low nutrient levels and have unusual metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some alpha proteobacteria |
|
Definition
Rickettsia: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rhizobium: symbiotic growth with plant roots
Agrobacterium: transform plant cells, tumors
Caulobacter: unusual growth, microbial development
Anoxygenic photosynthesis: purple nonsulfur bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What bacter has metabolic diversity and substances from organic decomposition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some Beta proteobacteria: |
|
Definition
Neisseria gonorrgoeae or meningitidis: diplococci
Bordetella pertussis
And others involved in disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest subgroup of proteobacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name gamme proteobacteria: |
|
Definition
Enterobacteriaceae: enteric microorganisms, G-rods: salmonella
virbrio cholerae
pseudomnoas aeruginosa: lung infections and burn wound infections |
|
|
Term
| what proteobacteria are predators and anaerobes that use sulfur and sulfate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name some sigma proteobacteria: |
|
Definition
Bdellovibrio
Myxococcus xanthus: fruiting bodies, fungal-like growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest class of proteobacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name some epsilon proteobacteria: |
|
Definition
Campylobacter jejuni: enteritis
Helicobacter pylori: ulcers |
|
|
Term
| What are some other gram negatives? |
|
Definition
| extreme bacteria, photosynthetic, chlamydiae, spirochaetes, bacteroides |
|
|
Term
| Name some extreme bacteria: |
|
Definition
Aquifex pyrophilus: oldest branch of bacteria
Deinococcus radiodurans: resistant to radiation, stain gram + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of photosnthetic bacteria that is blue-green algae with oxygenic photosynthesis and is the largest group of photosynthetic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What special characteristics do cyanobacteria have? |
|
Definition
| thylakoid membranes and phycobilisomes (pigments, transer energy to PSII) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filamentous cyanobacteria with nitrogen fixation, anaerobic, provide organic nitrogen and recieve nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Name some types of chlamydiae: |
|
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis: STD
Pneumonia
-Obligate intracellular pathogen and has no peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spiral shaped, periplasmic flagella, outer sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treponema pallidum: syphilis
Borrelia burgdorgferi: lyme disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic, oral cavity and intesting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lack cell walls and are pleomorphic, look like fried eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three categories of Gram positives: |
|
Definition
Low and high G+C
Peptidoglycan
Spore formation |
|
|
Term
| Name classes of low G+C gram positives: |
|
Definition
Clostridia
Bacilli
Mysoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anaerobic, endospores, toxins
Ex: perfringens, tetani, botulinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rods, cocci, spore forming
Ex: subtilis and anthracis |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 non spore forming bacilli: |
|
Definition
staphylococcus
steptococcus
lactobacillus |
|
|
Term
| 4 categories of high G+C gram positives: |
|
Definition
actinomycetes
filamentuos hyphae
asexual spores
resemble fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
streptomyces: antibiotics
corynebacterium diptheriae
mycobacterium: tuberculosis and leprae |
|
|
Term
| 5 physiological groups of archaea? |
|
Definition
methanogenic
sulfate reducers
halophiles
thermophilic sulfur metabolizers
cell wall-less |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chrenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high temp, high sulfur, low pH, found in volcanic hot springs, hot aquatic habitats, cold marine environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aerobic, irregularly lobed, spherical, cell wall, oxidize H2, H2S and FeS2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobe, thin rod bent or branched, cell wall of glycoprotein, grows in how aquatic habitats rich in sulfur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very diverse, methanogens, halophiles, sulfur metabolizers, sulfate reducers, thermoplasma (no cell wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce methan, anaerobic, high temp, found in animal intestines, aquatic sediments, swamps, marshes, hot springs, anoxic sludge digesters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| love salt, require high salt, red to yellow in color, found in salt lakes and marine salterns |
|
|
Term
| What pumps out protons and drives ATP synthesis in haolbacterium salinarium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe sulfate reducing: |
|
Definition
| archeoglobus, marine hydrothermal vents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no cell wall, membrane, DNA of archaeal histones,
Ex: thermoplasma (coal mine) and picrophilus (grows at pH 0 ) |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 additional phyla sorta recognied from RNA sequencing: |
|
Definition
Korarchaeota: hydrothermal environments
Thaumarchaeota: ammonia oxidizers
Aigarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota: only member is equitans parasitises |
|
|
Term
| Benthic Unattended Generator: |
|
Definition
produce current from aquatic sediments
power electronic devices in aqutic environments |
|
|
Term
| How do things survive in extreme environments? |
|
Definition
| with stabilizing molecules like ATP and NADH, proteins like hydophobic cores and chaperones, lipids like tetraehters, and rRNA with higher G+C content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverse DNA gyrase and supercoils, addition of solutes, and DNA binds proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small genomes, some plasmids, circular chromosomes, histones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to bacteria, replication proteins similar to eukaryotes (DNA-p and initiation proteins), cell division has no MreB or FtsZ |
|
|
Term
| Transcription/Translation of extremes: |
|
Definition
eukaryotic like RNA-p, gene promoter sequences simila to eukaryotes, and gene regulation similar to bacteria
70s ribosomes, EF-2 reacts with diptheria toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
incorporate selenocystin and pyrrolysine
Sec pathway and TAT |
|
|
Term
| Do extremes have membrane bound organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another word for visible structure: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are associations of fungi and cyanobacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Saccharimyces cerevisiae: most studied eucaryote
Neurospora crassa: circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| What are the fungal divisions and which two are paraphyletic: |
|
Definition
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Microsporidia, Glomerocycota
Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Chytridiomycota: |
|
Definition
| simplest, infect aquatic plants and animals, motile, single flagellum |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Zygomycota: |
|
Definition
bread mold
Coenocytic hyphae: haploid
Asexual reproduction: sporangia
Sexual reproduction: zygospores |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Ascomycota |
|
Definition
red, brown, and blue-green food spoilage molds, most fungal pathogens, has a ascus (sac)
Ex: neurospra crassa: bread mold |
|
|
Term
| What happens during asexual of saccharomyces cerevisiae and ascomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eat grain infected with Claviceps purpurea
Ex: gangrene, delusions, nervous spams, abortion, confulsion |
|
|
Term
| Name for white nose syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Basidiomycota: |
|
Definition
mushrooms, basidium (club shaped structure at end), sexual reproduction
Ex: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Microsporidia: |
|
Definition
| obligate intracellular parasites, no mitochondria, peroxisomes, or centrioles |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Glomeromycota: |
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction, symbionts of higher plants, important component of mycorrhizae (plant root fungas that provide nutrients) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Mycorrhizae: |
|
Definition
| do not degrade plants, use carbs from host, provide host w nutrients, bacteria also present |
|
|
Term
| What grwos between plant cells and what penetrates cell walls? |
|
Definition
| Ectomycorrhizae / arbuscular mycorrhizaw |
|
|
Term
| What does the Wood Wide Web do? |
|
Definition
| increase water and nutrient uptake and disease resistance |
|
|
Term
| Where do protozoans get their nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Rhizaria
Chromalveolata
Archeaplastida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most primitive, cytosome (feeding groove), flagella, Giardia (intestinal distress)
Ex: Leishmania, Trypanosome: Chaga's disease and African sleeping sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular shpae, motile with pseudopod, cytoplasmic extensions, and cells crawl along |
|
|
Term
| Define pseudopodia, lobopodia, filopodia, and retidulopodia |
|
Definition
| false feet, rounded, longand narrow, netlike mesh |
|
|
Term
| What is Entamoeba histolytica? |
|
Definition
| amoebic dysentery, 3rd leading cause of parasitic death, contaminated water, feces-contaminated food, eat bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amoeboid, filopodia
Ex: Radiolaria, Formaninifera (limestone, marble, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
united by plastid origin
Ex: Apicomplexa (animal parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 nuclei: macro and micro nucleus
micro is diploid (mitosis)
macro is polyploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. macronucleus is degraded, micronucleu undergoes meiosis, 3 of resulting micronuclei disintergrate, remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis, one micronucleus migrates, paramecia separate, gametic nuclei fuse, 3 rounds of mitosis, 8 nuclei: 1 becomes micronucleus, 3 destroyed, 4 become macronucleus, cellular division leads to one micro and one macro nucleus per cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosynthesis, cell walls of silica, freshwater and oceans |
|
|
