• interchange of gases b/w an organism and the environment in which it lives (bring in oxygen, exhale CO2)

• superior to inferior
• oral and nasal cavities
• pharyngeal cavity
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs

trachea

(cricotracheal membrane)

• connects trachea to larynx
• forms the anterior portion of the neck
• tube made up of alternating rings of fibrous tissues and cartilage
• elastic
• C-shaped
• opening is posterior-filled with connective tissues and smooth muscle that attaches to the esophogus 

[image]

• bifurcation- splits into 2 (L and R) main broncus
• secondary bronchi- R main splits into 3, L splits into 2 (one for each lobe of the lung)
• bronchioles- continuing subdivisions of secondary bronchi, spreads through the lungs
• Alveoli- little airsacks at the end of the bronchioles (swap oxygen and carbon dioxide)
• alternating rings of fibrous tissue and cartilage (more fibrous tissues)
• bronchial tree- splitting of all the differents levels of the bronchi 

[image]

• porous, spongy tissue, elastic
• passive- not made of muscle
• outer surface of lungs lined by pleural lining (same lining on inside of the ribcage
• lobes- 3 R, 2 L

[image]

• inside ribcage 
• diaphragm and above

[image]

• space below the ribcage 

[image]

• provides protection for the spinal cord 
• 32-34 vertebrae
• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 3-5 coccygeal 

[image]

• central canal (vertebral foramen)- hole where the spinal cord runs through
• body (corpus)- mass of bone, anterior
• spinous process- posterior
• transverse processes- two
• two pairs of articulating facets- one pair on body, one pair on transverse process 

[image]

• atlas
• supports the skull

• axis
• skull rotates on the axis 

• manubrium
• corpus or body
• xiphoid process 

[image]

• head- attaches to an articulating facet of the vertebral body
• tubercle- attaches to an articulating facet of a transverse process 
• angle- where the rib cage changes direction
• costal cartilage- where rib connects to the sternum (a little elastic)

[image]

• 24 ribs total
• each rib has a posterior attachment to the vertebral column at the articulating facets
• anteriorly, the top 6 pairs of ribs attach to the sternum via costal cartilage INDIVIDUALLY 
• ribs 7-10 have a COMMON costal cartilage 
• ribs 11-12 are "floating ribs", no anterior attachment to sternum

[image]