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| the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation |
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| the study of past human cultures through their material remains |
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| the study of human communication, including its origins, history, and contemporary variation and change |
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| the study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change |
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| the study of nonhuman members of the order of mammals called primates in the wild and in captivity |
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| the study of human evolution on the basis of the fossil record |
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| Contemporary Human Biological Variation |
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| seek to explain differences in the biological makeup and behavior of contemporary humans |
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| concerns the human past before written records |
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| deals with the human past in societies that have written documents |
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| Historical Linguistic Anthropology |
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| study of language change over time and how languages are related |
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| Descriptive Linguistic Anthropology |
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| the study of how contemporary languages differ in terms of their formal structure |
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| the study of the relationships among social variation, social context, and linguistic variation, including nonverbal communication |
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| people's learned and shared behaviors and beliefs |
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| the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals |
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| The 4 Fields of Anthropology |
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| Biological, Archaeology, Linguistic, and Cultural |
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| his theory is called Functionalism |
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| the theory that a culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole |
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| an early public anthropologist who took seriously the importance of bringing cultural anthropology knowledge to the general public in order to create positive social change |
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| the founder of North American cultural anthropology; introduced the concept of cultural relativism |
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| the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture |
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| takes material aspects of life, such as the environment, natural resources, and mode of livelihood, as shaping other aspects of life, including power relations, social organization, and ideology (political economy approach) |
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| seeks to understand culture by studying what people think about, their ideas, and the meanings that are important to them (symbolic approach) |
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| seeks to explain people's behaviors and thinking by considering biological factors such as people's genes and hormones |
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| maintains that human behavior and ideas are best explained as products of culturally shaped learning |
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| refers to distinct patterns of learned and shared behavior and ideas found in local regions and among particular groups (ethnicity, gender, age, etc) |
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| Where Nonhuman Primates Live Today |
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Definition
| Central and South America, Asia, Africa, Madagascar |
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| arboreal, quadrapetal, diurnal, highly social |
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| a category of large, tailless primates that includes the orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobos, and humans |
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| arboreal travel, using the forelimbs to swing from branch to branch, that is distinct to apes |
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| How young primates learn culture |
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| Chimpanzee and human divergence |
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| 8-6 million years ago in Africa; bipetalism; larger brains and small teeth |
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| 4-2 million years ago in east and central Africa; "Lucy"- A afarensis; bipetal locomotion; legs longer than arms |
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| 2.4 million- 19,000 years ago; more human like body; stone tools, migrated out of Africa |
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| found in Tanzania by the Leakey's; distinctive stone tools, manual dexterity and fully bipedal; larger brain, but smaller than modern humans; Olduwan tool culture |
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| widely found around the world; first species to leave Africa; lived for 2 million years; 2/3 our brain size, more complex tool culture |
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| Archaic Homo in Dmanisi, Georgia |
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| earliest fossil evidence of hominins outside of Africa;; 1.8 million years ago |
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| recently discovered in Flores Island; dated to 18,000 years ago; just over 3 feet tall; small brain but complex tools |
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| first found in Germany; 400,000-30,000 years ago; also found in Iraq, Iran, and all the way to Siberia; Mousterian tradition tools; portable art and a verbal language; might have interbred with modern humans around 100,000 years ago |
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| Oldowan, Mousterian, Acheulian |
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| the oldest hominin tool kit, characterized by core tools and flake tools. (Homo habilis) |
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| characterized by small, light, and more specialized flake tools (Neanderthals) |
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| characterized by hand axes (Homo erectus) |
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| 12,000 years ago in Mesopathamia |
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| Sahel (south of the Sahara); domesticated cattle |
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| relied on domestication from the middle east; social status and group ceremonies |
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| Participation Observation |
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| a research method for learning about culture that involves living in a culture for an extended period while gathering data |
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| a detailed description of a living culture based on personal observation and study; the main way that cultural anthropologists present their findings about culture |
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| inductive, no hypothesis, qualitative data; insiders' perceptions and categories, and their explanations for why they do what they do |
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| deductive, hypothesis, quantitative date; an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture |
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| starts from a hypothesis and then involves collecting relevant data through observation, interviews, etc. |
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| proceeds without a hypothesis and involves gathering data through unstructured, informal observation, conversation, etc. |
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| prose based observations; field notes, narratives, myths/stories, songs, etc. |
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| numeric presentation; statistics |
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| Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, and Industrialism and the Digital Age |
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Definition
| based on obtaining food that is available in nature through methods such as gathering, hunting, fishing, or scavaging; |
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| Sustainability of Foraging |
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Definition
| sustainable unless touched by outside forces |
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| Temporate Region Foraging |
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Definition
| wide variety of nuts, fruits, small animals, occasional large game; men and women forage and men hunt large game; shelter: casual, nonpermanent, little maintenance |
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| Circumpolar Region Foraging |
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Definition
| large marine and terrestrial animals, small seasoned plants; men hunt and fish; shelter: time intensive construction and maintenance, some permanent |
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| based on cultivating domesticated plants in gardens using hand tools; men clear the garden area and both men and women plant the seeds and tend to the crops |
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| Five Stages of Horticulture |
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Definition
Clearing
Planting
Weeding
Harvesting
Fallowing |
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| Sustainability of Horticulture |
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Definition
| highly sustainable as long as fallowing takes place and over population doesn't occur |
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Definition
| based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products for at least half of the diet; trade with other people; families are the basic production unit; men are in charge of herding and children help them; women process the herds product |
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| Sustainability of Pastoralism |
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Definition
| sustainable, but a lot of land is needed |
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| involved growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer |
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| 3 Hypotheses for Male Dominance |
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Definition
1)Men and Plowing- men are stronger than women
2)Women and Child Care- field labor in incompatable with child care
3)Women and Food Processing- child care demands restrict women to the household domain |
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| Sustainability of Agriculture |
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Definition
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| 1) Increased use of complex technology- displacement of small landholders and field laborers 2) Increased use of capital in money or property- increase production but reduces flexibility 3) Increased use of energy- farmers' dependence on the global market of energy supplies |
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Definition
| 3 Features of Industrial Agriculture and their social effects |
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| Industrialism and the Digital Age |
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Definition
| goods and services are produced through mass employment to satisfy demands |
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| salaried or wage-based work registered in official statistics |
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| work that is not officially registered and sometimes illegal |
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| the view that one must study all aspects of a culture in order to understand it |
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| the process of intense global interconnectedness and movement of goods, info, and people, is a major force of contemporary cultural change |
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