Term
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Definition
| The total of all the chemical reactions and energy changes that take place in an organism. |
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Term
| What is science, or pseudoscience? |
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Definition
Science is a process used to solve problems or develop an understanding of natural events.
Pseudoscience is an activity that uses the appearance or language of science to convince or mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity. |
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Term
| Differentiate between an experimental group and control group in an experiment. |
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Definition
Experimental group is the group in a controlled experiment that has a variable manipulated.
Control group is the situation used as the basis for comparison in a controlled experiment. The group in which there are no manipulated variables. |
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Term
| What things do nonsciences deal with? |
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Definition
| Seeks to gain information to improve understanding in their field of study, which is not important to test. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maintenance of a constant internal environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A possible answer to or explanation for a question that accounts for all the observed facts and that is testable. |
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Term
| Recall examples of generative, responsive, and metabolic processes. |
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Definition
Generative- size to growth; actions that increase the size of an individual organism (growth) or increase the number of individuals in a population (reproduction).
Responsive- react to change; abilities to react to external and internal changes in the environment—for example, irritability, individual adaption, and evolution.
Metabolic- keep cell alive |
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Term
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Definition
The basic structural units of all living things; the smallest units that display the characteristics of life.
The fundamental structural units of all living things.
Outer limiting membrane to several kinds of internal structures. |
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Term
| Know what an atom is, what are subatomic particles and what are the characteristics of these subatomic particles? |
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Definition
a. Atom- smallest units of matter.
b. Subatomic particle- reflect their electrical charge
Protons (positive charge +), neutrons (neutral), electrons (negative -); positive/negative attracted electrons are by the nucleus. |
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Term
| Distinguish between covalent and ionic bond. |
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Definition
Covalent bond- the attractive force formed between two atoms that share a pair of electrons.
Ionic bond- the attractive forces between ions of opposite charge |
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Term
| How do you calculate mass number given the number of all three subatomic particles? |
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Definition
Locate the atomic number of a given element on the periodic table; this is the number of protons found in the nucleus. It is usually listed above the element symbol. The identity of an element is based upon the number of protons found in the nucleus.
Determine the number of electrons using the atomic number. An atom has a neutral charge, so the positive and negative charges are equal to each other. The atomic number is also the number of electrons.
Calculate the number of neutrons by taking the mass number and subtracting the number of protons found in the nucleus. The mass number is usually located below the element symbol and represents how much an element would weigh in grams given a mole of the substance. Since the mass is centralized in the nucleus, only the protons and neutrons contribute to the mass number.
Isotope Calculations
Locate the atomic number for the number of protons and electrons in the atom on the periodic table. The number of protons and electrons is equal to the atomic number.
Calculate the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the isotope number. For example, Carbon 14 has an isotope mass of 14 and 6 protons, so the number of neutrons equals 8.
Isotopes are elements that differ in mass. Since mass is derived from the nucleus and protons give the identity of an element, the number of neutrons differs in isotopes. |
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Term
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Definition
Acids- compounds that release a hydrogen ion in a solution.
Bases-compounds that release hydroxide ions or accept hydrogen ions in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Kinetic energy-energy of motion (ex: flying bird) |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom of the same element that differs only in the number of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH? |
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Definition
| As the H+ ion concentration increases, the pH decreases. As the OH- ion concentration increases, the pH increases. |
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Term
| A person jogging displays what kind of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Weak attractive forces between molecules; important in determining how groups of molecules are arranged. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms that have full outer energy levels, too special to interact with other elements. |
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Term
| Distinguish between saturated fats and unsaturated fats |
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Definition
Saturated fats- a term used to describe the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid that contains no double bonds between carbons.
Unsaturated fats- a term used to describe the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid containing carbons that are double-bonded to each other at one or more points. |
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Term
| What makes up a triglyceride? |
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Definition
| Account for about 95% of the fat stored in human tissue. |
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Term
| What are proteins? What are the building blocks for polypeptides? |
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Definition
Proteins- macromolecules made up of one or more polypeptides attached to each other by bonds.
Polypeptide- a macromolecule composed of a specific sequence of amino acids. |
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Term
| A complex carbohydrate consists of repeated units of |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms linked together to form monomers called simple sugars or monosaccharides (mono= single; saccharine= sweet,sugars). |
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Term
| Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules? |
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Definition
Organic- complex molecules whose basic building blocks are carbon atoms in chains or rings.
Inorganic-molecules that do not contain carbon atoms in rings or chains |
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Term
| Know the functions of proteins? |
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Definition
| Polymers made up of monomers known as amino acids. Amino acids are short carbon skeleton that contains amino functional group. (Nitrogen + 2 hydrogen’s) at one end and a carboxylic acid at the other. |
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Term
| Distinguish between a phospholipid and a fat? |
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Definition
| Phospholipids- class of complex, water insoluble organic molecules neutral fats have phosphate. Fat nonpolar vegetable oil molecules that do not dissolve in water. |
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Term
| Describe protein denaturation? |
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Definition
| Energy in the form of heat or light may break the hydrogen bonds w/in protein molecules. The chemical and physical properties of the protein are changed. |
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Term
| Know nucleic acids building blocks structure. Describe DNA structure. |
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Definition
A- Nucleotide; B-sugars; C-nitrogenous basis; D-phosphate group.
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid composed of two strands form twisted, ladder like structure thousands of nucleotides long. Attached by hydrogen bonds between their bases according to the base pair hue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroids- one of the three kinds of lipid molecules characterized by their arrangement of interlocking rings of carbon. |
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Term
| Describe structural organization of polypeptides. |
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Definition
20 different amino acids as building blocks, you can construct millions of combinations.
Specific poly- composed of specific sequence of amino acids bonded end to end. |
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Term
| Know the functions of fats? |
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Definition
| There are 3 main types of fats: true fats (e.g., olive oil), phospholipids (the primary component of cell membranes), and steroids (some hormones). |
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Term
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Definition
| All atoms have a tendency to seek such a stable, filled outer energy level arrangement, a tendency referred to as the octet (8) rule. (Hydrogen and helium are exceptions to this rule and have a filled outer energy level when they have 2 electrons.) |
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Term
| Empirical evidence is the term used to describe. |
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Definition
| Information gained by direct observation of an event. |
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Term
| The most accurate statement about an experiment is that it |
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Definition
| Recreates an event in order to test a hypothesis. |
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Term
| In setting up a scientific experiment, the __________ is the object or situation that is artificially changed and the __________ is the object or situation that is not changed. |
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Definition
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Term
| The essential aspects of metabolism are |
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Definition
| nutrient uptake, nutrient processing, waste elimination. |
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Term
| Which one of the following is NOT an example of how biological information is used? |
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Definition
| development of catalytic converters |
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Term
| Science can be differentiated from non–science because scientific results are |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following represents a generative process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is most true? |
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Definition
| The progress of science is determined by the kinds of questions asked. |
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Term
| Which of these is a biological problem? |
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Definition
| All of these have a biological component. |
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Term
| Scientific conclusions are reliable if |
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Definition
| the same results are obtained in successive trials. |
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Term
| Which of the following has the least supporting evidence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the most specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| A plausible, scientifically acceptable generalization is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is an applied science? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a controlled experiment, the experimental group |
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Definition
| differs from the control group by one variable. |
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Term
| Which is least likely to be understood using the scientific method? |
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Definition
| If you will be successful in this course |
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Term
| The nucleus of the atom contains |
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Definition
| It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. |
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Term
| A given atom of calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic weight of 42. This atom has |
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Definition
| 20 protons, 20 electrons, 22 neutrons |
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Term
| Two atoms, 127I and 131I are __________ because they have the same number of __________ but different numbers of __________. |
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Definition
| isotopes / protons / neutrons |
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Term
| The number and location of the __________ in any atom determines the kinds of chemical reactions that atom may undergo. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which statement about ions is true? |
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Definition
| Cations are always smaller than the neutral form of the element. |
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Term
| Atoms that are known as inert or noble rarely undergo reactions because |
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Definition
| The outer electron shells of noble gases are considered to be full thus do not readily undergo chemical reactions |
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Term
| Writing calcium as Ca++ indicates that the calcium has |
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Definition
| two less electrons than protons. |
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Term
| The difference between ionic bonds and covalent bonds is that with ionic bonds the atoms |
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Definition
| are attracted to each other because of unlike charges. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a chemical compound composed of one atom of sodium bonded to one atom of chlorine. |
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Term
| diffusion the net movement of molecules is the result of |
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Definition
| Movement In And Out Of Cells |
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Term
| A solution with a pH of 3 |
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Definition
| has a high concentration of hydrogen ions. |
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Term
| Aluminum has an atomic number of 13 and an atomic mass number of 26.98. How many neutrons are in a typical atom of aluminum? |
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Definition
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Term
| An ion with 10 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons will have a charge of |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules that have the same empirical formula but different structural formulas are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Specific combinations of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton are called |
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Definition
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Term
| In a dehydration synthesis reaction |
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Definition
| two molecules are joined as a water molecule is removed |
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Term
| Which of the following series of sugars is made up entirely of complex carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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Term
| A triglyceride is made up of |
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Definition
| one glycerol and three fatty acids |
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Term
| A saturated fatty acid will have __________ double bonds between various carbon atoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| The chief characteristic of the steroid molecule is the |
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Definition
| interlocking carbon rings |
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Term
| Proteins are made up of __________ that are joined together by __________. |
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Definition
| amino acids/peptide bonds |
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Term
| If the primary function of a protein is to maintain the shape of the cell, that protein is known as a(n) __________ protein. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules from large ones. |
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Term
| An enzyme's function is to |
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Definition
| act as an organic catalyst |
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Term
| Which one of the following is NOT a lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function of neutral fat? |
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Definition
| regulate rates of chemical reactions |
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Term
| Which is the monomer for a nucleic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which association is correct? |
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Definition
| Nucleic Acid: DNA Protein:insulin Lipid:testosterone Carbohydrate:cellulose |
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Term
| Proteins that help other proteins fold into their 3-D shapes are known as ______. |
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Definition
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