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study of whole societies: concerned with the study and analysis of societies entirely
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| concerned with the society as a whole, but in a smaller, local group |
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| A human population is considered a society to the degree that it is politically autonomous and its members engage in a broad range of cooperative activities |
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| the branch of science that specializes in the study of human societies. |
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| an information conveyor whose form and meaning are determined by those who use it. |
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| an information conveyor whose form and related meaning are both determined genetically. |
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| everything external to entity that affects it or is affected by it, in any way. |
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| ecological-evolutionary theory |
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| theory concerning relationships: 1-within and among human societies. 2- societies and their biophysical environments. 3- processes of sociocultural change and development. |
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| members of society, a subgroup within a society, considered collectively |
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| the system of ideas and ideals, one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. |
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| trust, faith, or confidence in something. |
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| a person's principles or standards of behavior, one's judgment of what is important in life. |
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| general social expectations, like acting appropriately, and contributing to your community |
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| a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups |
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| a set of connected behaviors, rights, and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. |
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| the act of process or arranging persons into classes or social strata. |
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| bring together population, culture, the material products or culture, and social organizations. |
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| every human society is, itself, part of a larger and more inclusive sociocultural sustem. |
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| when an individual dies, and a new infant is born, the newborn lacks cultural resources. None of them know anything about their surroundings, everything must be learned. They must be transformed into productive and responsible people who can work cooperatively with others and make a contribution to the groups welfare. |
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| the sum of its parts plus all of the relations among them. (population, culture, material products, social organization, social institutions) |
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| what does it mean to say that human societies are sociocultural systems? |
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| produce new information and new arrangements |
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| social and culture innovation takes the form of borrowing form other societies. |
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| provide the members of society with new information that has adaptive value. |
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| new combinations of already existing information |
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| the end of an organism or of a group of organisms |
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| occurs when a society ceases to exist as a self-government |
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| how cultures and societies have changed over time |
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| the characteristic of an organism that allows it to survive and reproduce better than other organisms in a population in a given environment. (ex. the male peacock has large, brightly colored tail feathers that it uses to attract a mate. this increases its chances of mating and producing young) |
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| they have consequences that are felt in almost every other area of life |
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Explain why it is that changes in subsistence technology are the most important kinds of changes, according to the authors.
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| the amount of information a society already possesses |
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Why has the rate of innovation accelerated so rapidly in the past 1000 years?
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| population growth, growth of size in societies and communities, increased permanence of communities, expansion of societies into new environments, invention of new symbol systems, increasing store of technological information, etc. |
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What are some of the most important trends in the world system of societies over the past 1000 years?
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| a hypothesis or statement can be proven wrong |
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| judgement based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or persuade prejudices |
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| science studies natural observable phenomena |
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| a social entity that has a selective goal and is linked to an external environment |
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| deals with population, environment, and technology economy (ex. change in transportation) |
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| ideological superstructure |
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sets of institutions such as schools an the family that reinforce ideas that serve the interests of the wealthy and powerful. |
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known for sociology of knowledge, religion, modernization, sociological theory, etc. |
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a person who cherishes or pursues high or noble principles, purposes, goals (impractical) |
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| believes the only thing that exists is matter or energy; that all things are composed of material |
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| a person who wants to see how something works in a certain place or setting (ex. would see a trashcan as a place to put your sandwich wrapper after you are through eating the sandwich at the restaurant) |
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| believes society basic dynamic is competition between class or status groups for power. |
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| a proposed explanation for a phenomena |
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social construction of reality |
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| people and groups interacting in a social system create, overtime, concepts or mental representation of each other's actions. In other words, it takes personality out of the individual and places it within the social situation. |
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| application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions (thinks himself away from the familiar routines of daily life) |
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| based on resemblances, social bonds weak, low population, low material and moral density |
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| in more advanced societies, organized type(growth of cities), interdependency(social bonds relatively strong), high population, high material and moral density. |
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people react to things differently depending on their immediate environment.For example, a person who tries coffee for the first time in a busy or loud establishment may immediately sense that they do not like coffee at all. But, if they are in a quiet group of immediate friends who are all enjoying their coffee together, they may enjoy it. |
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| study what is rather than what ought to be, and natural observable phenomena |
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| zimbardo prison experiment |
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| discuss the way science accumulates knowledge |
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| make sense of what we know about human society, and allow us to make predictions or generate expectations where our knowledge is imperfect. |
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- What are the two key characteristics of good sociological theory.
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| are nolan and lenski materialists or idealists? |
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| materialists argue that idealists fail to explain the origin of ideas |
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- Contrast the way that Materialists and Idealists explain the emergence and expansion of the institution of slavery.
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