a. force that causes change

1. force that causes change
1. competition, predation, genetic drift, mutation...)
2. Isolation of groups so they can't breed together

The mean claw length of a particular crab species is 35mm. Assuming the trait is heritable what would happen to the mean claw length after several generations of stabilizing selection?

The mean claw length of a particular crab species is 35mm. Assuming the trait is heritable what would happen to the mean claw length after several generations of stabilizing selection?

If all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were met, what would happen to the frequency of the recessive allele after many generations of mating?

If all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were met, what would happen to the frequency of the recessive allele after many generations of mating?

As pollution control measures were implemented in England, the levels of soot on forest trees began to decline during the latter half of the 20th century. What effect did this have on the distribution of moth coloration?

As pollution control measures were implemented in England, the levels of soot on forest trees began to decline during the latter half of the 20th century. What effect did this have on the distribution of moth coloration?

If the allele frequencies of peppered moths changed from 0.9 light and 0.1 dark to 0.2 light and 0.8 dark over a twenty year period, did evolution occur?  Did speciation occur?

If the allele frequencies of peppered moths changed from 0.9 light and 0.1 dark to 0.2 light and 0.8 dark over a twenty year period, did evolution occur? Yes   Did speciation occur? No, as long as the moths were able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, they were still members of the same species.

• a testable answer; prediction about waht you expect to happen.
• may need to make some preliminary observations or do literature search

a theory that has been verified by repeated tests over many years.

Law of conservation of mass, Law of gravity

population of organisms change over time

descent with modification

Fossils

Anatomical evidence

-divergent evolution

-homologous structures

Convergent evolution

Comparative embryology

Biochemical/genetic evidence

Geographic distribution

behavior evidence

experimental evolution

all living specices have DNA genes that are passed down from parents to offsrping

genes code for synthesis

• Overproduction of organims
• resources strained

• genetic variation 
• change in frequences of alleles

• differential survival
• some more likely to survive than others

• differential reproduction (sexual selection)
• some more likely to reproduce than others

Lamarck - organisms inherited acquired characteristics

Darwin/Wallace - evolution occured by Natural Selection

group of organisms that can:

-Interbreed in nature

-Have fertile offsrping

-Share an allele pool

1. A force that causes change
1. environmental change
2. competition
3. predation/parasitism/disease
4. inbreeding
5. adaptation to a new habitat
6. genetic drift
7. mutation
2. Isolation
1. Behavioral
2. Reproductive
3. Geograpgical
4. Temporal
5. Mechanical

"Sampling error"

1. founder effect
2. population bottleneck -> genetic bottleneck

"Sampling error"

1. founder effect
2. population bottleneck -> genetic bottleneck

Directional

Diversifying (disruptive)

a variation of the same gene on a locus

gene: section of DNA that gives a cell instructions for building a specific protien.

1. No selection
2. No migration
3. No Mutation
4. No Sexual Selection -> Random mating
1. selective mating sets the stage for allele selection -> evolution
5. Population is infinitely large
1. Mitigates the impact of genetic drift

1. No Mutation
1. New alleles cannot originate
2. No Migration
1. No alleles can be introduced from outside or spread from one pop to another.
3. No Natural Selection
1. One allele is no more likely to survive than another.
4. No Sexual Selection -> Random Mating
1. Sexual selection increases the likelihood of a change in genetics of offspring by mates selecting for characteristics.
5. Population is infinitely large
1. If any genetic drift occured it would be of little consequence to the population's genetic frequency.

Domain

Kingdom

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Specific Name

Old Class. System: "King Philip came over for good sex."

New Class System: "Dirty King Philip came over for good sex."

For at least three reasons:

Allow relationships between organisms to be seen.

Allow us to identify organisms.

Allows us to refer to a specific organism despite location.

Phenetic 'phenotypic': based on phenotype of organisms

Cladisitic: baesed on shared, derived characteristics

uses empirical evidence: fossi record, DNA

Binomial Nonmenclature

generic name: canis

specific: lupus

Name?

Name must be underlined. 

Generic name 1st, capitalized

Species name 2nd, lower-case

Ex: Home sapien, Homo erectus, 

taxon

taxa

taxon = group or category

taxa = plural for taxon

Living things are divided into 2 groups based on type of cell.

What are those two types?

Prokaryotes

tiny, simple cells, no nucleus

Eurkaryotes

bigger, complex cells, nucleus

3 Domains of new system of classification

1.

2.

3.

Archaea

tiny primitive prokaryotes

similar to first life on earth

extremophiles

Bacteria

Eurkarya

Includes all kingdoms of eukaryotes

tiny, primitive prokaryotes.

similar to first life on earth

some live in harsh environments

They can be both.

They are prokaryotes -> no nucleus, tiny, simple

Domains of Eukarya

4 Kingdoms

Protists

 eukaryotic microorganisms

 -includes algae, kelp (brown algae), euglena

Fungi

all hetertrophic

secrete enzymes outside body to digest food

often  unicellular, some multi (mushrooms are multi)

Plants

multicellular

all photosynthetic

Animals

 all heterotrophs

Key stage in sexual cycle of eukaryotes.

Stage in which diploid cell (2 sets of chromosomes) gives rise to haploid cells (gametes)