Term
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Definition
| Change in the allele frequencies of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| drew together ideas from several branches of biology (variation of traits, heredity, evolution) |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| If allele frequencies aren’t changing (no evolution), HW will accurately predict the allele frequencies & genotypes of a population from one gene to the next. [must have, mutations, non-random mating, natural selection, genetic drift, genetic flow] |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms of geologic change are constant over time, the same mechanisms that existed long ago exist today |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival & reproduction in specific environments |
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Term
| descent with modification |
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Definition
| the mechanism of “Natural Selection,” a process by which individuals that have certain inherited traits ten to survive & reproduce @ higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
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Term
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Definition
| exists among individuals in a group, not all individuals are the same |
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Term
| differential reproduction |
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Definition
| not all will survive to reproduce- some variations give individuals a high probability of reproduction |
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Definition
| Those traits that allowed some to survive will be passed down |
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Definition
| individuals mate more with close neighbors, inbreeding, sexual selelction(type of natural selection) leads to sexual dimorphism, many secondary sexual features don’t seem to be adaptive. |
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Definition
| random change in DNA- result from cellular errors or damage, rare, most often harmful, sournce of new genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| random change in allele frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| gain or loss of alleles due to migration of fertile individuals between populations |
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Definition
| characteristics of the same origin, common ancestor |
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Definition
| look, form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures. |
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Definition
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Definition
| remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestor |
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Definition
| change above the species level, series of micro-evolutionary events |
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Term
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Definition
| preferential mating with individuals with certain traits |
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Term
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Definition
| change over time, different pressures that favor different traits |
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Definition
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Definition
| extremes are favored> leads to speciation |
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Definition
| strengthen an already evident favor |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature & produce viable fertile offspring (requires reproductive isolation) |
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Term
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Definition
| impediments to mating or fertilization, or survival |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent mating or fertilization [habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation] |
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Term
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Definition
| hybrid zygote> cant survive or reproduce [reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown] |
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Term
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Definition
| far from each other, planes vs mountains, can’t be a species |
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Term
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Definition
| mate at different times of the year |
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Definition
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Definition
| can’t seal the deal, parts don’t match up |
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Definition
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Definition
| geographic barriers isolate populations, different lands |
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Term
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Definition
| intrinsic factors alter gene flow, living in same land, chromosome changes in plants/ non-random mating in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome duplications, diploid parent produces a diploid and haploid offspring |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| practice of classifying organisms & studying relationships |
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Definition
| evolutionary history of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| depicts hypotheses about evolutionary history |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monophyletic group consisting of an ancestral species and ALL their descents |
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Definition
| clade, common ancestor and ALL their descents |
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Definition
| requiring fewest evolutionary changes, simplest explanation |
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Term
| shared ancestral character |
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Definition
| originated in an ancestor, maybe shared with other clades |
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Definition
| unique to a particular clade |
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Term
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Definition
| become increasing different over time, homologous structures (whale, human) |
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Term
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Definition
| become increasing similar over time, common traits from environment not ancestors, analogous structures |
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Term
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Definition
| look similar but didn’t evolve from a common ancestor |
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Definition
| similar because of common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| over time more mutations occur |
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Term
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Definition
| last universal common ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| non-living synthesis of small organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the joining of small molecules into proteins and such |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane like structure |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material with catalytic ability> solution to DNA need proteins to form & proteins need DNA to form |
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Term
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Definition
| Protocells carried RNA able to store genetic info AND self replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, single celled organism |
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Term
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Definition
| slimy coating, polysaccharide or protein |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| half of prokaryotes are capable of directional movement (flagella) |
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Term
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Definition
| make identical copies, short generation time, rapid reprod in favorable environ |
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Definition
| Share genetic information w/o mating |
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Term
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Definition
| use plasmid, small piece of DNA outside of actual chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| virus does all the work, replicating |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| require inorganic carbon source (CO2) |
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Definition
| require organic carbon sources (glucose) |
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Definition
| energy from chemicals and organic carbon sources (glucose) |
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Definition
| don’t need light or organic molecules (found near deep sea vents) |
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Definition
| need organic carbon sources and light |
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Definition
| use light for energy AND make organic carbon |
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Definition
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Definition
| filled oceans with O2, formed ozone layer, enabled life on Earth |
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Definition
| O2 is toxis and mass extinction of many species, only resistant survival |
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Term
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Definition
| absolute ages found, a parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a constant rate |
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Term
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Definition
| reveal the “relative” ages of fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for half the parent isotope to decay (become daughter) |
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Definition
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Definition
| plates float on mantle- inner Earth’s heat causes the movement |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| can come from competition & the appearance of new traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid evolution of many new species that fill various roles in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| change happens rapidly by interrupting long periods of no change |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of intermediate forms over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| include the vast majority of the prokaryotes we know, peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagella grows by adding subunits to tip |
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Term
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Definition
| cell walls LACK peptigoglyan, flagella add subunits to the base |
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Term
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Definition
| have nucleus, mem bound organelles, endosymbiotic orgin |
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Term
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Definition
| chloroplast evolution, photosynthetic prokaryote>plasid |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular organism engulfs another cell becomes organelle with in host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| everything not animals, fungi, land plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binary fission, multiple fission, budding, formation of spores |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| both sexual and asexual stages, alternate between haploid and diploid forms |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid, produces haploid gametes (n) |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid, produces haploid spores (n) |
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Term
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Definition
| photoautotroph and chemoautotroph can use light and organic materials to make carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoskeleton, feeding grove, highly modified mitochondria, 1 or more flagella, based on molecular data not morphological, human parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| monophyletic, secondary endiosymbiosis event- red alga (Eukaryote) some parasitic, some extremely important to ecosystems, brown algae, dinoflagellate, diatoms |
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Term
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Definition
| monoplyletic clade, morphologically diverse, thread-like pseudopod, cercozan and radiolarians |
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Term
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Definition
| cyanobacterial endosymbiant, photoautotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| have 2 clades (amoebozoans & opistnokonts) fungie and animals, plasmodial slime mold |
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Term
| What is evolution and what causes it |
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Definition
| The use and disuse and inheritance of acquired traits. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for evolution |
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Definition
| Contemporary, bacteria(MRSA), Homology of characteristics with the same orign, ontogemy-development, Fossil record, Biogeography |
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Term
| How does natural selection happen and how does it lead to evolution |
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Definition
| individuals with certain inherited traits will reproduce more, changes allele frequencies |
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Term
| How is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium used in the study of evolution |
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Definition
| if the alleles aren’t changing there is no evolution occuring |
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Term
| How does speciation happen |
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Definition
| Microevolution(mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection) |
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Term
| How does maximum parsimony contribute to cladistics and phylogenetic trees |
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Definition
| requires the fewest evolutionary changes |
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Term
| What steps were necessary for the first life to form on Earth |
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Definition
| abiotic synthesis, macromolecules, protocells, self replication |
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Term
| What is the fossil record and what does it tell us about history |
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Definition
| provide a record of life long ago |
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Term
| What is the role of plate tectonics and continental drift in evolutionary history |
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Definition
| cont drift changes geography, affects climate, changes oceans, causes allopatric speciation & potentially extinction, is responsible for an odd distribution of fossils |
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Term
| What is the role of climate change in evolutionary history |
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Definition
| drier/ colder climates inland, volcanoes make greenhouse gases, earth’s orbit, tilt & wobble & solar output (sun amount of heat) |
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Term
| What is the role of endosymbiosis in protist evolution |
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Definition
| Chromavelta have a multimembranced plastid |
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Term
| What is the role of chance in evolution |
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Definition
| variations arise randomly independent of the actual affect they have on organisms. the affect is what keeps them around or not |
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Term
| How has evolution contributed to humans’ cultural ascent |
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Definition
| new inheritance, we pass on more than physical characteristics but also the collective endowment of generations, what we have learned once we don’t have to learn again |
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