Term
| Which type of immunity is known as your first line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the technical term for probiotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immune system is responsible for antibody secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immune system is known for sensitized lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 R's of the immune system? |
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Definition
| Recognize, Remember, Respond |
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Term
| What are the two primary organs of the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the acronyms MALT and SALT stand for? What are they classified under? |
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Definition
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
Skin associated lymphoid tissue
Both are classified as secondary organs |
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Term
| Where do macrophages come from? What do macrophages end up secreting? |
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Definition
| Macrophages come from bone marrow and secrete B cells |
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Term
| Where do B cells come from and what do they end up secreting? |
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Definition
| B cells come from macrophages and they end up secreting plasma cells |
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Term
| What do antibodies get secreted from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is needed for an Activated T cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Activated T cells end up producing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of lymphokines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What purpose do T cells play in immune response? (2) |
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Definition
Recognize foreign agents
Informs B cells of invasion |
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Term
| What cell recognizes foreign agents? What is the other function of this cell? |
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Definition
| T cells recognize foreign agents and their other function is to inform B cells of invasion |
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Term
| What type of immune cells are found in both adaptive and innate immune systems? |
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Definition
| Macrophages and dendritic cells |
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Term
| What type of immune cells are found exclusively in the innate immune system? |
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Definition
| Monocyte, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils |
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Term
| What type of immune cells are found exclusively in the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
| T cells (both helper and cytotoxic) and B cells |
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Term
| Which animals have an innate immune system and which animals have an adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
| All animals have an innate immune system while ONLY vertebrates have an adaptive immune system. |
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Term
| What type of cell functions in cell mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are B lymphocytes developed? |
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Definition
| Bone marrow and fetal liver |
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Term
| What are the 4 "ors" of inflammation and what does each stand for? |
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Definition
Rubor - Redness
Tumor - Swelling
Calor - Heat
Dolor - Pain |
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Term
| Which subpopulations of T-cells do are always expressed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of acquired immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be an example of active natural acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| You produce antibodies after being infected by an organism |
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Term
| What would be an example of active artificial acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| You produce antibodies after being given a vaccination |
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Term
| What would be an example of passive natural acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| Transfer of maternal antibody (IgG) while still inside of the womb |
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Term
| What would be an example of passive artificial acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| Being given antiserum after being bitten by a snake because your body does not have enough time to produce antibodies |
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Term
| What are the two key reasons for why antibodies are important? |
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Definition
Help fight infection
Key to diagnostic testing |
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Term
| What region on an antibody binds immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives an antibody its class name? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two orientations can the light chain be? What is significant about this orientation |
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Definition
Can be kappa or lambda
Each Ig has 2 identical (never one of each) |
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Term
| Would an antigen bind to the variable region or the constant region? |
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Definition
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Term
| What region of an antibody serves as the site for attachment to phagocytic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two enzymes are used to study the IgG molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general structure of an immunoglubulin? |
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Definition
| Two heavy chains and two light chains disulfide bonds |
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Term
| What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin passes from mom to baby through the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin in serum? |
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Definition
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Term
Yes or No:
IgG
Complement Binding? Opsonic? Agglutination/Precipitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin serves as protection at mucosal surfaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is IgA less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage? |
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Definition
| Because there is a secretory chain wrapped around the Fc regions |
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Term
| What purpose does having secretory chains wrapped around the Fc region play with IgA? |
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Definition
| It makes IgA less susceptible to proteolytic damage |
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Term
| What is the first antibody(immunoglobulin) produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin serves as B cells and a maturation marker? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin serves as an antiparasitic response as well as functioning in allergy responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulins cannot bind complement? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulins are not opsonic and cannot agglutinate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin functions to neutralize toxins and viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does agglutination help with the immune response? |
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Definition
| Reduces the number of infectious units to be dealt with |
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Term
| How does the activation of complement help with the immune response? |
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Definition
| Causes inflammation and cell lysis |
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Term
| How does opsonization help with the immune response? |
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Definition
| Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis |
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Term
| How does antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity work? |
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Definition
| Antibodies attached to target cell caue destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells |
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Term
| How does neutralization help with the immune response? |
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Definition
| Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa as well as blocks the attachment of a toxin |
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Term
| How is IgA transferred to a newborn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest immunoglobulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best immunoglobulin for agglutination/precipitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pathway is the best way for IgM to bind to complement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Elevation in which immunoglobulin after birth indicated an infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin has the lowest concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate type hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| By plasma cells along the respiratory tract, the skin, and alimentary tract |
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin will bind to a mast cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is associated with mast cell degranulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the solubility/insolubility of agglutination? Precipitation? |
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Definition
Agglutination - insoluble antigen and soluble antibody
Precipitation - soluble antigen and soluble antibody |
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Term
| What is the appearance of an agglutinated cell vs a nonagglutinated cell that is bridged to IgM? |
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Definition
| Agglutinated cell shows a spread appearance while non agglutinated cell shows a button appearance |
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Term
| How long is the lag phase of a primary immune response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the name of a secondary immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why isn't there a lag phase in the anamnestic response? |
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Definition
| Because of the formation of memory B and T cells from initial response. |
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Term
| What can be said about the concentrations of IgM and IgG during the secondary response relative to the first response? |
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Definition
| Less IgM but more IgG produced |
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Term
| What is another name for cell mediated immuntity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between cellular mediated immunity and circulating ab and complement? Why? |
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Definition
| Independent of both because the process is focused on T-lymphocytes |
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Term
| How are lymphokines released? |
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Definition
| Binding of Ag to a sensitized T cell |
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Term
| What is the function of interferons? |
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Definition
| Activates macrophages and stimulates IL-1 and IL-2 production |
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|
Term
| What is the function of interleukins? |
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Definition
| Enhance proliferation of activate t-lymphs |
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Term
| What brings macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphs to the proper site? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What hold together the 10 binding regions of an IgM molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of an immunoglobulin contains carboxy-terminals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of Fc? |
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Definition
| Immunoglobulin function during opsonization and complement |
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Term
| How does papain cleave IgG? |
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Definition
| Into 1 Fc region and 2 Fab regions |
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|
Term
| How does pepsin cleave IgG? |
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Definition
| Cleaves into 1 Fc portion and 1 Fab portion |
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Term
| What do proteolytic enzymes break down? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does an Immunoassay work? |
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Definition
| You use the known Ag or Ab to identify the other based on the principle of precipitation or agglutination |
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Term
| What is the difference between a qualitative and quantitative immunoassay? |
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Definition
Qualitative - positive or negative
Quantitative - actual number to determine diagnosis |
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Term
| What is a primary ag/ab reaction? |
|
Definition
| Simple combination of ag and ab |
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|
Term
| What would you use for a secondary ag/ab reaction? |
|
Definition
| Precipitation and agglutination reaction |
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|
Term
| What is significant about a tertiary ab/ag reaction? |
|
Definition
| Occurs only in vivo. These are the reaction of body to immune complexex such as phagocytosis, chemotaxis, opsonization |
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|
Term
| What is the definition of ag/ab reactions? |
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Definition
| formation of multiple, reversible intermolecular attractions between anigen and the amino acids at the binding site of the antibody |
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|
Term
| During a two stage ag/ab reaction, how could one describe the primary reaction? |
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Definition
| Union of ag/ab instantaneous |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| overall stability of the ag/ab complex which is the force that keeps the molecules together |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| binding forces between the Fab of the antibody and the ag epitope |
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Term
| During a two stage ab/ag reaction, what is significant of the secondary reaction? |
|
Definition
| development of visible aggregates |
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|
Term
| Which stage on an equivalence curve would you find an excess of antibodies? Antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most important cells in the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Qualitative visual precipitation method |
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|
Term
| What is Radial Immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| Quantitative visual precipitation |
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|
Term
| What are two automated detection methods? |
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Definition
| Turbidity and nephelometry |
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|
Term
| How do you enhance an agglutination reaction? |
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Definition
| Lower the ab concentration or increase the antigen particles |
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|
Term
| How can one diagnose infection from a titer between acute and chronic specimen? |
|
Definition
| 4 fold increase between acute and chronic |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 factors that determine immunogenicity? |
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Definition
| foreignness, high molecular weight, chemical complexity |
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|
Term
| What term refers to an antigenic determinant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small molecule that can illicit an immune response only when attached to a larger protein structure |
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Term
| What are the two types of antigen presenting cells? |
|
Definition
| Professional and non professional |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of professional antigen presenting cells? |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells, |
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|
Term
| What are some types of nonprofessional antigen presenting cells? |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts, beta cells pancreas, glial cells, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells |
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|
Term
| What is the avidity in relation to affinity? |
|
Definition
| Number of binding sites times the affinity |
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|
Term
| What does bacteria and RBCs have which would prevent Ab to bind Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 techniques to promote agglutination? |
|
Definition
Alter pH of solution
Use low ionic strength saline
use enzymes to alter surface charge
centrifuge to increase ag/ab contact |
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|
Term
| What is the function of antihuman immunoglobulin? |
|
Definition
| links the Fc regions of IgG molecules which are bound to particles |
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|
Term
| What does DAT stand for and what is it used for? |
|
Definition
| direct antiglobulin test used to detect Ab on RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What does IAT stand for and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| indirect antiglobulin test used to detect AB produced by patient from RBC Ag |
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|
Term
| What is the main function of MHC? |
|
Definition
| bring antigen to cell surface for t cell recognition |
|
|
Term
| What is used to distinguish self from non self? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a Class I MHC present to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a Class II MHC present to? |
|
Definition
| Extracellular Ag to CD4 which stimulates the production of a specific Ab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of HLA alleles inherited as a package |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two haplotypes together in an offspring |
|
|
Term
| How are HLA products expressed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which class (MHC) does CD4 represent? CD8? |
|
Definition
CD4 is class II
CD8 is class I |
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