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Definition
| Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world. |
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Definition
| Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory |
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| Misconceptions about scientific theories |
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Definition
| A theory explains one specific event. A theory is just an educated guess. |
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| Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them. |
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Definition
| Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them. |
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| An assertion about the world is not testable |
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| A set of claims that seems scientific but aren’t. Lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance that characterize science |
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| Overreliance on anecdotes |
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Definition
| Example: the woman practices yoga daily for weeks and hasn’t had depression since. |
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Definition
| the error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe in it. |
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| The error of believing that we’re immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people |
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| approach of evaluating claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them |
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| set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion |
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| mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of the world |
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| heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype |
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| How common a characteristic or behavior is in a general population |
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| heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes into our minds |
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| systematic errors in thinking |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions |
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| watching behavior in real world settings without trying to manipulate the situation |
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Definition
| extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings. Naturalistic observations are higher in this. |
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Definition
| extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study. Lab tests are high in this. |
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Definition
| research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period. Cannot infer causation. Can offer more information for upcoming designs. |
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Definition
| demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur |
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Definition
| procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| watching behavior in real world settings without trying to manipulate the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings. Naturalistic observations are higher in this. |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study. Lab tests are high in this. |
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Term
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Definition
| research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period. Cannot infer causation. Can offer more information for upcoming designs. |
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Definition
| demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur |
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Definition
| procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
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Definition
| consistency of measuremeant |
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Definition
| have a test iven to a large group of people one month and then two months later have the same type of test... the scores should be about the same. |
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Definition
| how to psychologists will agree on what they have found |
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Definition
| extent to which a measure assesses what it plans to measure |
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Definition
| tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items |
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Term
| Positive impression management |
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Definition
| the tendency to make ourselves look better than we are. |
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Definition
| research design that examines the extent two variables are associated. Cannot be causation |
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Term
| Correlational coefficient |
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Definition
| Can be positive, negative or zero. |
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Term
| Positive coefficient examples |
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Definition
if the value of one variable changes, the other changes with it.
· If you study, your test grade will improve
· If you don’t study, your test grade will drop |
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Term
| Negative coefficient examples |
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Definition
if the value of on variable goes up, the other goes down.
· More socially awkward-less friends |
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Definition
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| perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists |
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Definition
| a working definition of what a researcher is measuring |
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Definition
| harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency of measuremeant |
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Term
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Definition
| have a test iven to a large group of people one month and then two months later have the same type of test... the scores should be about the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| how to psychologists will agree on what they have found |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which a measure assesses what it plans to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items |
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Term
| Positive impression management |
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Definition
| the tendency to make ourselves look better than we are. |
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Term
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Definition
| research design that examines the extent two variables are associated. Cannot be causation |
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Term
| Correlational coefficient |
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Definition
| Can be positive, negative or zero. |
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Term
| Positive coefficient examples |
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Definition
if the value of one variable changes, the other changes with it.
· If you study, your test grade will improve
· If you don’t study, your test grade will drop |
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Term
| Negative coefficient examples |
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Definition
if the value of on variable goes up, the other goes down.
· More socially awkward-less friends |
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Definition
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Definition
| perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists |
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Definition
| a working definition of what a researcher is measuring |
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Definition
| harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm |
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Definition
| cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses |
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Definition
| nerve cells specialized for communication |
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Definition
| portion of the neuron that receives signals |
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Definition
| portion of the neuron that sends signals |
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Definition
| chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron |
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Definition
| space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically |
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Definition
| a gap in which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal |
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Definition
| cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory |
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Definition
| glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neurons signal |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical charge difference (-60 millivolts) across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited |
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Definition
| membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential |
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Definition
| electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate |
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Definition
| location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| means of recycling neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| chemical in the brain that plays a special role in pain reduction |
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Definition
| ability of the nervous system to change |
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Definition
| a cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity go differentiate into a more specialized cell |
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Term
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Definition
| creation of new neurons in the adult brain |
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Term
| Central Nervous System/CNS |
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Definition
| part of the nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| nerves in the body that extended outside the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| pockets in the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid which provide the brain with nutrients and cushion against injury |
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Term
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Definition
| forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions |
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Term
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Definition
| large band fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost part of the forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions |
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Definition
| forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning |
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Definition
| part of the frontal lobe responsible for body movement |
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Term
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Definition
| part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning and language |
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Definition
| language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production |
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Definition
| upper part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception |
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Definition
| lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding, language, and memory |
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Definition
| part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech |
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Definition
| back part of the cerebral cortex specialized for vision |
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Definition
| regions of the cerebral cortex that initially processes information from the senses |
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Definition
| regions of the cerebral cortex that integrates simpler functions to perform more complex functions |
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Definition
| structures in the forebrain that help control movement |
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Definition
| emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation and memory |
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Definition
| gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state |
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Definition
| part of the limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal |
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Definition
| part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory |
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Definition
| part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons and medulla |
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Definition
| part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound |
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Term
| Reticular activating system |
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Definition
| brain area that plays a key role in arousal |
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Definition
| region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla |
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Definition
| brain structure responsible for our sense of balance |
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Definition
| part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum |
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Definition
| part of the brain stem that is involved in basic functions, such as heartbeat, and breathing |
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Definition
| thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body |
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Definition
| neurons that send messages to the other neurons nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus |
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Definition
| part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement |
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Definition
| part of the nervous system controlling voluntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue located at the top of the kidneys that releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| recording of the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three dimensional images |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging |
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Definition
| technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure |
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Term
| Positron emission tomography |
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Definition
| imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using BOLD response |
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Term
| Transcranial magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
| technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function. |
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Term
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Definition
| technique that measures brain activity by detecting tine magnetic fields generated by the brain |
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Definition
| cognitive functioning that relies more on one side of the brain than the other |
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Definition
| procedure that involves severing the corpus Collosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures |
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Definition
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Definition
| gene that masks other gene’s effects |
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Definition
| gene that is expressed only in the absence of a gene |
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Definition
| organisms capacity to pass on their genes |
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Definition
| percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes |
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Definition
| analysis of how characteristics run intact families |
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Definition
| analysis of how traits differ in identical versus fraternal twins |
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Definition
| analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives |
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Definition
| perception in which the way we perceive a stimulus doesn’t match its physical reality |
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Definition
| detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain |
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Definition
| the brain’s interpretation of raw sensory inputs |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of converting an external energy substance into electrical activity within neurons |
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Definition
| specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system |
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Definition
| activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected |
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Definition
| the study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change in fifty percent of the time (when no other stimulus of that type are present) |
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Term
| Just noticeable Difference (JND) |
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Definition
| the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect |
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Definition
| there is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity |
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Definition
| theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions |
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Definition
| a condition which people experience cross modal sensations |
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Definition
| the ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously |
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Definition
processing in which a whole is constructed from parts
o Example: perceiving an object based on its edges |
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Definition
| conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and expectancies |
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Definition
| set performed when expectations influence perceptions |
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Definition
| the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions |
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Definition
| process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others |
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Definition
| failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere |
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Definition
| perception of events outside the known channels of sensation |
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Definition
| perception below the limen or threshold of conscious awareness |
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Definition
| predicting events before they occur through paranormal means |
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Definition
| reading other people’s minds |
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Term
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Definition
| detecting the presence of objects or people that are hidden from view |
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Definition
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Definition
| circular hole through which light enters the eye |
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Definition
| part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina |
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Definition
| part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus |
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Definition
changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
Fat: short and wide, or focusing on nearby objects
Flat: long and skinny, or focusing on objects further away |
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Definition
| membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity |
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Definition
| central portion of the retina |
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Definition
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Definition
| receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light |
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Definition
| time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity |
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Definition
| receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color |
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Definition
| nerve that travels from the retina to the brain |
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Definition
| cell that detects lines and edges |
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Definition
| idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors |
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Definition
| inability to see some or all colors |
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Definition
| theory that we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent colors: either red or green, blue or yellow, black or white |
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Definition
| ability to judge distance and three dimensional relations |
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Definition
| stimuli that enables us to judge depth only using ONE eye |
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Definition
| stimuli that enables us to judge depth using both eyes |
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Definition
| complexity or quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, or other sources sound unique |
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Definition
| bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue of containing the hair cells necessary for hearing |
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Definition
| membrane supporting the organ of corti and hair cells in the cochlea. |
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Definition
| specific place along with basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch |
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Definition
| rate at which neurons fire the action potential reproduces of the pitch |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| sense receptor in the tongue that responds to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat |
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Definition
| odorless chemical that serves as a social signal to members of one’s species |
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Definition
| our sense of touch, temperature and pain |
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Term
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Definition
| pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb |
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Definition
| our sense of body position |
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Term
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Definition
| our sense of equilibrium or balance |
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Term
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Definition
| three fluid filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance |
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Definition
False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event
Example: Although your mom did not focus on your needs when you are a kid, isn’t the only reason why you are socially anxious |
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Definition
| Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create the environments that permit the expression of those predispositions |
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Definition
| evelopment of the ability to think and reason |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Get better at each “subject” or cognitive skill all together. So as you’re getting better with language, you’re also getting better at math as well as getting better with social skills…etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| how language develops, the specific area. As you get better at one skill, the other skill stops and then makes a jump later. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the most famous theory- the constructivist theory: children learn through experiences |
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Term
| Piaget’s stages of development |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor Stage: (0-2 years old) , Preoperational Stage: (2-7 years) , Concrete Operations Stage — (7-11 years) , Formal Operations Stage: (374) (11+ years) |
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Term
| Preoperational Stage: (2-7 years) |
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Definition
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them
a. Using symbols as language. Such as using a banana as a phone or playing imaginary roles as mommy and daddy
b. Also, cannot see the world yet from someone else’s point of view. |
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Term
| Concrete Operations Stage —(7-11 years |
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Definition
Stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only
a. Example: sorting cats and dogs into their piles
i. Organizational tasks can be performed |
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Term
| Formal Operations Stage: (11+ years) |
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Definition
| Stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now |
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Term
| General Cognitive Amounts |
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Definition
| learning is gradual not so much stage like |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves Vygotsky, that interaction with the social world is a primary source of development |
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Term
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Definition
| that language is independent of the ability to reason about space, there is no overlapping skills |
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Term
| Talk about scaffolding with Vygotsky |
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Definition
| scaffolding is you only help until there is support gained, so you help your child with riding a bike with training wheels but then you take those training wheels away |
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Term
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Definition
| Infant gets upset when mom leaves but greets her when she returns (60% of infants) |
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Term
| Insecure avoidant attachment |
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Definition
i. Infant reacts when the mom leaves but when she returns there it little or no reaction to her return
1. If you’re not there when I need you, Ill make sure I don’t need you (15-20% US infants) |
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Term
| Insecure- anxious attachment |
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Definition
When mom leaves, the baby freaks out but when she returns, the baby kind of tries to get away (15-20% US infants)
1. If you’re not there when I need you, I’ll make sure you just never leave |
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Term
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Definition
| React to mom’s departure but then act confused when the mom gets back (5-10%) |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual attached to the one giving care |
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Term
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Definition
| Permissive, Authoritarian, Authoritative |
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Term
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Definition
| Too lenient, discipline not so much |
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Term
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Definition
| Too strict with the kid and little affection |
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Definition
| The perfect mixture of both |
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Definition
| Theory that humans experience only a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology Example: Like several different colors will make one final color |
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Term
| Cognitive Theory of Emotions |
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Definition
| Theory explaining that emotions are products of thinking Example: Screaming after thinking that you see the bear? |
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Term
| James-Lang Theory of Emotions |
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Definition
| Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our reactions to stimuli Example: As we start running, we then understand that we are scared, which is why we first started running. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions Example: You get scared and you start running at the same time, one doesn’t come before another. |
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Definition
| Theory proposed that we use our gut reactions to help us determine how we should react Example: Well, when I know I like a girl, I start sweating. So, if I am on a date with a girl and I start sweating, then I know I like her. However, if I am on the date and I don’t sweat, then I know she’s not the right one for me. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal. Feel that we experience arousal so we look around to see what the arousal is coming from |
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Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain altering our experience of emotions. So smiling can actually uplift our day |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 feet or more typically used for public speaking |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-12 feet typically used for conversations of acquaintances or strangers |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.5 to 4 feet Typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners |
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Term
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Definition
| 0-1.5 feet typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, and affectionate touching |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly |
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Term
| What makes us happy- myths and realities |
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Definition
a. Misconception 1: the prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us (pg 424)
i. Whatever happens to us makes us happier than others
b. Misconception 2: Money makes us happy
i. Not possible because this means more working hours which means less free time which means less happiness
ii. Over 50,00 doesn’t really matter anymore
c. Misconception 3: Happiness declines in age
i. Actually, happiness increases
d. Misconception 4: People on the West Coast are the happiest
i. Bullshit, but people think about how there are surfer dudes and what not but they don’t think about the high cost of living and crime rates and Stuff |
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Definition
| Belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| an influential model of attitude change and according to this theory, we alter our attitudes because we experience an unpleasant state of tension |
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| unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
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| Proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors |
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| Impression Management Theory |
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Definition
| Theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes |
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Term
| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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Definition
| Assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions |
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Definition
| Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes |
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| people may be prejudice toward a group in order to vent their anger. |
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| Claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
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| May stem from a need for social approval |
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| Created a situation where two groups were working against each other which created a prejudice feeling. But then, the two teams were brought together with a task that forced them to work together. This was a way to “cure” the prejudice |
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Definition
| The assumption that all psychological events have a cause. Any thought that has entered your mind at some point has a cause behind it |
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Definition
| Change in behavior or beliefs to match those of others |
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| A change in what is said or done because of a request |
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| A change in behavior in response to explicit demand from an authority figure |
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| Anything an individual thinks or does (this is all according to the freudian’s) has a symbolic meaning behind it |
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| Motivation way below the surface, very hard to retrieve |
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reservoir of our most primitive impulses including sex and aggression
Entirely unconscious |
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| psyches executive and principle decision maker. Trying to please both superego and ID |
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| Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
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| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
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| Theories that derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality an were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long term personality growth |
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Term
| The four D’s of abnormality |
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Definition
| Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction |
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Term
| Deviance (4 D's of Abnormality) |
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Definition
| state of departing from usual or accepted standards |
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| Distress (4 D's of Abnormality) |
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Definition
| Individuals can experience a disorder without distress |
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| Dysfunction (4 D's of Abnormality) |
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Definition
| Interference with daily functioning.Can be a biological dysfunction |
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| Danger (4 D's of Abnormality) |
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Definition
| DIFFERENT factors can lead to SAME outcomes |
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Definition
| SAME factors can lead to DIFFERENT outcomes |
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Definition
| Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities ex. Prison guard or prisoner |
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Term
| What really is an abnormality? |
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Definition
| Basically just something that is considered a disorder, something that is causing stress or impairment and potentially a loss of freedom |
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Term
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Definition
| involve an excessive amount of anxiety at an inappropriate time |
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Term
| Causes of Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
| genetic contribution, different amounts of serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense and irrational fear + efforts to avoid the object of fear |
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Definition
| claustrophobia, in order for it to count, there has to be an extreme amount of fear |
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Definition
| like being afraid to attend a restaurant because you don’t want to embarrass yourself by burping or something |
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Definition
i. Intense fear
ii. Bodily symptoms which can be often mistaken as a heart attack ie Dizziness, Shortness of Breath, and Racing Heart |
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Definition
| fear of being in a situation where escape is difficult, or help is unavailable. Panic Disorders are comorbid with agoraphobia |
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Definition
| diagnosis of two things at once. |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorders |
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Definition
i. Always anxious
ii. Always on edge
iii. Not really focused on an object or situation |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| Can include flashbacks, feelings of intense fear and arousal. Continues for about a month after stressor |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
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Definition
| persistent, unwanted thoughts |
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Definition
| repetitive behaviors or mental acts |
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| Episodes of depression and mania |
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Definition
| Has to happen within 4 weeks of the mother giving birth. |
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Definition
| Disturbance in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships with others,Loss of contact with reality |
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Term
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Definition
Most severe and disruptive of all psychological disorders (covers all rounds of engagement of the world)
Disruptions in all aspects of life
Rare disorder approx. 1% of population...equal in male and females
overrepresented in mental institutions |
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Term
| Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Positive = characteristics that people with schizophrenia show, and people without don’t. Delusions (most common symptom) false belief. Even if you show the individual evidence they still don’t believe it. |
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Term
| Hallucinations (positive symptom) |
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Definition
Seeing and hearing something without external energy
more often auditory than visual (or any other sense)
Inner speech - have internal thoughts but believe that it is perceived by other people |
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Term
| Disorganized speech/behavior (positive symptom) |
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Definition
word salad- jumping from topic to topic. Doesn’t make any sense
Clang association |
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Term
| Disorganized behavior (schizophrenia) |
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Definition
Disregard for own health or hygiene - wearing layers of clothing on a hot day
Inappropriate affect - laughing out of no where |
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Term
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
Catatonia- disorganized behavior (freezing in position)
Affective flattening - shows no emotion
Alogia- decline in speech (stops responding)
Avolition- decline or absence of motivation |
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Term
| Genetic evidence for Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Concordance (if one twin has it then the other twin will have it as well),
Schizophrenia is not environmental |
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Term
| Schizophrenic abnormalities in the brain |
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Definition
Large ventricles
abnormal neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes
Dopamine hypothesis - excess dopamine = positive symptom
too little of dopamine = negative symptom |
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Definition
| disorganized behavior (freezing in position) |
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Definition
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Definition
| decline in speech (stops responding) |
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Definition
| decline or absence of motivation |
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Term
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Definition
Children who develop schizophrenia more likely to be born in the winter because of the flu virus during the second trimester of pregnancy
-Birth related trauma - diminished oxygen supply to brain |
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Term
| Dissociative disorders facts |
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Definition
Disruptions in conscious, memory, identity or perception.
behavior is organized in different identities |
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Definition
| forget significant events and leave stressful circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple personality disorder |
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Definition
| individuals that practice with no medical training. Example: Suicide prevention line |
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Definition
| Unresolved issues from people in your past can be resolved with the therapist. |
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Definition
| to make the unconscious conscious |
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Term
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Definition
In the context of anxiety and phobias, A is the trigger of anxious feelings, B is usually how someone avoids the source of anxiety, and the likely consequence C is that by avoiding the source of anxiety, people in effect, maintain their fear since they have not had enough opportunities to obtain systematic desensitization towards the cue of anxiety.
-A- Antecedent B- Behavior C-Consequence
-focuses on specific problem behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
i. The high level of comorbidity: the co-occurrence of two or more diagnosis within the same person
ii. That there is a problem with the reliance on a categorical model: model in which mental disorders differ in normal functioning in kind rather than degree
1. That the disorder may just be something else because the disorder of that person doesn’t add up to everything of the DSM
iii. That there is also a problem because some disorders rely on dimensional models: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind |
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Term
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Definition
| unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
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Definition
| fertilized egg. After the zygote has been produced, three stages unfold; germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage |
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Term
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Definition
| a ball of identical cells that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part |
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Term
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Definition
§ When the zygote begin to divide and double.
§ One week in, the blastocyst is just growing and cells are dividing
§ Two weeks in, the cells differentiate and start taking on different roles as the organs begin to develop
§ Once these cells start to perform different functions, the blastocyst becomes an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| second to eighth week of prenatal development during which limbs, facial features and major organs of the body take form. |
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Term
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Definition
§ Major organs start to take shape from the second to eighth week
§ Things can go wrong here and the person can have a miscarriage without even knowing |
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Definition
| when the heart begins to beat… when the embryo becomes a fetus |
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Term
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Definition
period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change.
§ This is where the fleshing out is taking place and the last third of the pregnancy is just for stuff like bulking the baby up |
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Term
| 18 days into the fetal stage |
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Definition
| the brain starts to develop and continues to develop up to about our adulthood years |
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Term
| Neurons develop between .... |
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Definition
| 18th day and 6th month- 250,000 neurons a minute during peak times. Those neurons have to migrate to their positions like te hippocampus and cerebellum |
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Definition
| an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development |
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Definition
| condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations, and behavioral disorders |
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Term
| Genetic Disruptions of Fetal Development |
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Definition
§ There is a break or error in a cell and when that cell gets copied over and over again, that error gets picked up and just becomes apart of the system
· Any abnormality can take place- birth mark to mental retardation |
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Definition
| before 36 weeks. 25 weeks can survive, 22 if you’re lucky |
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Definition
| underdeveloped lungs and often cannot engage in physiological functions |
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| the point at which babies can typically survive on their own |
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| automatic motor behaviors |
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Definition
| if you stick something in their mouth they’ll suck it |
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| if you stroke their cheek they move looking for a nipple to suck |
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| bodily motions that occur as a result of self initiated force that moves the bone and muscles |
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| the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years |
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