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| the study of living organisms and their environments |
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| join together to form molecules |
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| the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Either single or multicellular. |
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| a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. |
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| several types of tissues make up an organ |
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| A group of organs performing a certain job. |
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| collection of organ systems. (I.E. humans, trees, animals) |
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| plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to harvest the energy of the sun and convert it to chemical energy by a process called photosynthesis |
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| the ability of a cell or an organism to maintain an internal environment that operates under specific conditions. |
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| the smallest unit of an element that still retain the chemical and physical properties of the element. |
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| found inside the nucleus; give the nucleus a charge; electrons orbit the outside of the nucleus in orbitals |
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| function for quick and short-term energy storage in all organisms including humans. |
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| contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules; therefore, fats in animals and oils in plants function well as energy-storage molecules |
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Fats: usually from animal origin and are solid at room temperature
Oils: usually of plant origin and are liquid at room temperature |
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| Saturated and Unsaturated Acids |
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Sat.: no double bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsat.: have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon. |
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| have a phsosphate group; They are constructed like fats, except that in place of the third fatty acid, there is a phosphate group or a grouping that contains both phosphate nitrogen. |
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| enzymes bring reactants together and thereby speed chemical reactions in cells. They are specific for one particular type of reaction and only function at body temperature. |
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| are macromolecules with amino acid subunits. The central carbon atom in an amino acid bonds to a hydrogen atom and also to three other groups of atoms. |
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| When proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo an irreversible change in shape. |
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| a molecular complex of three types of subunit molecules- phosphate (phosphoric acid), a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. |
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| There are four different types of bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), Guanine (G), and cytosine (C). |
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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| when adenosine is modified by the addition of three phosphate groups instead of one, it becomes ATP, which is an energy carrier in cells. |
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| ADP (adenosine diphospate) |
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| Usually in cells, the last phosphate bond is hydrolyzed, leaving the molecule (ADP) and a molecule of inorganic phosphate. |
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| the basic unit of life; all living things are made of cells; new cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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| Compound Light Microscope |
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| uses a set of glass lenses and light rays passing through the object to magnify the objects. |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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| makes use of a stream of electrons to produce magnified images |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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| provides a three-dimensional view of the surface of an object. |
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| an outer membrane that regulates what enters and exits a cell. the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer |
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| a semi fluid medium that contains water and various types of molecules suspended or dissolved in the medium. |
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| any well defined subcellular structure. |
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| a membrane enclosed structure in which DNA is found. |
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| the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until they are equally distributed. Diffusion is a passive way for molecules to enter or exit a cell. |
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| the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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| refers to the osmotic characteristics of a solution across a particular membrane, such as a red blood cell membrane. |
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| cells stay at there normal state |
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| Solutions that cause cells to swell or even burst due to an intake of water |
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| solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water |
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| a molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from the side of higher concentration to the side of lower concentration |
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| a molecule is moving from a lower to higher concentration. One example is the concentration of iodine ions in the cells of the thyroid gland. |
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| a portion of the plasma membrane invaginates, or forms a pouch, to envelop a substance of fluid. |
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| some white blood cells are able to take up pathogens (disease causing agents) by endocytosis. |
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| a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs. |
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| the combination of DNA molecules and proteins that make up the chromosomes. Chromatin can could tightly to form visible chromosomes during meiosis and mitosis. |
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| Chromatin is immersed in a semifluid medium. |
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| ribosomal RNA is produced. also where rRNA joins with protiens to form the subunits of ribosomes. |
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| nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane |
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| a membranous system of saccules and channels discussed in the next section. |
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| organelles composed of protiens and RNA |
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| consists of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. |
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| consists of a stack of slightly curved saccules, whose appearance can be compared to a stack of pancakes. |
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| membranous sacs produced by the Golgi Apparatus, contain hydrolytic enzymes. |
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| helps maintain the cells shape and either anchors the organelles or assists their movement. |
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| actin filaments; contains rows of protein called tubulins. |
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| the regulation of microtubule assembly is under the control of a microtubule organizing center |
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| made of a protein called actin, are long, extremely thin fibers that usually occur in bundles and other groupings. |
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| in the middle size wise of microtubules and actin filaments. |
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| helps the cells move or allow objects to move past them. |
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| powerhouses of the cell; convert the chemical energy of glucose products into chemical energy of ATP molecules |
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| sugar splitting; occurs in cytoplasm (a 6-carbon sugar split into two 3-carbon sugars. |
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| makes up the shaft of a long bone |
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| appears as an open, bony lattice work with numerous bony bars and plates. |
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| Muscular (contractile) tissue |
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| composed of cells called muscle fibers. |
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| also called voluntary muscle. attached by tendons to the bones of the skeleton. |
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| the cells lack striation. |
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| is a specialized cell that contains dendrites, an axon, and cell body. |
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| also called epithlium, consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. |
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| sometimes called the hypodermis, found between the skin and any underlying structures, such as muscle or bone. |
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| made up of stratified epithelium. |
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| a region of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the epidermis. |
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| the thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a horizontal muscle |
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| lines the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems |
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| line and support the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal cavity and its internal organs |
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| composed only of loose connective tissue line the cavities of freely movable joints. |
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| mechanism present when the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus |
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| a mechanism that brings about an increasing change in the same direction. |
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| begins when the fertilized egg starts dividing, ensures that every cell has 46 chromosomes. duplication of cells from a parent cell |
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| the enlargement of a pair of chromosomes shows that in dividing cells each chromosome is composed of two identifying parts |
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| the function of holding the chromatids together until a certain phase of mitosis |
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| an orderly process that has two parts: interphase and cell division |
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| a majority of the cells life is spent in interphase; carry out the normal duties of making protien |
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| division of the cytoplasm |
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| visibly indicates the cell wants to divide; the centrosomes outside the nucleus have duplicated, and they begin moving away from one another towards opposite ends of the nucleus. |
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Diploid: full number of chromosomes
Haploid: half number of chromosomes. |
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Parent: the original Cell
Daughter: after mitosis, the two new cells |
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| short cylinders of microtubules that are present in centrosomes |
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| the nuclear envelope is fragmented and the spindle occupies the region formerly occupied by the nucleus |
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| the centromeres uniting the sister chromatids divide. |
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| begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles. Chromosomes become indistinct chromatin. |
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| a slight indentation passes around the circumference of the cell. |
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| reductions division. Meiosis involves two divisions, so there are four daughter cells. Each daughter cell has one of each type of chromosome and half the chromosomes of the parent cell. |
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| they look alike and carry genes for the same traits, such as hair color and eyes. |
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| restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote. |
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| the production of sperm in males |
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| the production of eggs in females |
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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| genetic material; form of a double helix; |
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| made up of nucleotides containing sugar ribose. |
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| produced in the nucleus, where DNA serves as a template for its formation |
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| produced using a DNA templatein the nucleolus of the nucleus. |
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| is produced in the nucleus, and a portion of DNA also serves as a template for its production |
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| the genetic code corresponds to a three base sequence in the mRNA molecule. each codon represents an amino acid. |
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