Term
| A representative who voted to limit greenhouse gas emissions because she thought it was in the best interest of the country even though her constituency didn't support that action exemplifies? |
|
Definition
| A delegate style of representation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 principles of politics? |
|
Definition
| Rationality, Institution, Collective-Action, Policy, and History |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationality principle? |
|
Definition
| All political behavior has purpose and a goal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the institution principle? |
|
Definition
| Rules in the structure of governmental bodies. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Collective-Action Principle? |
|
Definition
| Coordinating effort in a group to achieve a common goal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Policy Principle? |
|
Definition
| A combination of the rationality and institutional principles. Policies are the products of individual preferences and institutional procedures. |
|
|
Term
| What is the History Principle? |
|
Definition
| Helps to understand the cause of things and why we have the choices we have today. How the Constitution applies today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The institutions and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled. |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of governement? |
|
Definition
| Autocracy, Oligarchy, and Democracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of government in which a single individual rules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of government in which a small group of landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants controls most of the governing decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the selection of key public officials. |
|
|
Term
| What is a constitutional government? |
|
Definition
| A system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of government. |
|
|
Term
| What is authoritarian government? |
|
Definition
| A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between constitutional and authoritarian governments? |
|
Definition
| There are effective placed limits on a constitutional government and no formal limits on a authoritarian government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of government. |
|
|
Term
| What defines the government we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The struggle for ideas and the power to implement those ideas. |
|
|
Term
| What is the struggle and conflict in politics based on? |
|
Definition
| Three main values: Freedom, equality, and order. |
|
|
Term
| What is a main reason for conflict in politics? |
|
Definition
| Trade-offs between freedom/order and freedom/equality. |
|
|
Term
| What is an outcome of the struggle for power? |
|
Definition
| Cooperation and competition. |
|
|
Term
| What is political science? |
|
Definition
| The study of politics, the theories and concepts. The scientific method is used to examine it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between politics and political science? |
|
Definition
| Politics are the struggle for ideas and implementation of those ideas, while political science is the study of theories and concepts behind that struggle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The domain in over which an institution or member of an institution has authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to defeat something even if it has made it on to the agenda of an institution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transmission of authority to some other official or body for the latter's use. (though often with the right of review and revision); appointing others to do what you want, your work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A good that may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provided and may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided. |
|
|
Term
| Explain bargaining and incentives. |
|
Definition
| Bargaining is reasoning with the those who have different stands on a issue bargaining to accommodate to those preferences while still sticking to a common goal as well incentives give reason to compromise on an issue. |
|
|
Term
| What is selective benefits? |
|
Definition
| Benefits that do not go to everyone, but rather, are distributed selectively - only to those who contribute to the group enterprise. |
|
|
Term
| What are some equality/freedom issues? |
|
Definition
| Affirmative Action, Discrimination |
|
|
Term
| What are some order/freedom issues? |
|
Definition
| Drug testing, porn, abortion. |
|
|
Term
| What were the differences between the federalists and antifederalists? |
|
Definition
| Federalists property owners merchants who believed that elites are best fit to govern believing in a strong national government. While the antifederalists were farmers and shopkeepers who believed that government should be close to the people, retention in state powers and individual rights. |
|
|
Term
| What is a pure democracy? |
|
Definition
| Citizens vote directly on everything. |
|
|
Term
| What is a representative Democracy? |
|
Definition
| We elect representatives and they become experts in lawmaking and make the decisions for us. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of representatives? |
|
Definition
| Delegate and trustee. (Delegated for the people, trust in thought of the people). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authority is derived from the will of the majority (50 +1%) |
|
|
Term
| What are three problems with majoritarianism? |
|
Definition
| Majority of people are even, most people are ill-informed, and there is a range of depth of feelings on a variety of issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The authority derived from an intensely interested minority. |
|
|
Term
| What is a problem with pluralism? |
|
Definition
| Biased towards only representing those with the time, resources and money to participate in the political process. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four democratic ideals reflected in the Constitution? |
|
Definition
| Popular sovereignty and majority rule, guaranteed liberties, political equality, and limits on government. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reasons the Articles of Confederation failed? |
|
Definition
| States were given priority over the nation as a whole, states had too much independence, states did not work together. |
|
|
Term
| What was agreeded at the constitutional convention? |
|
Definition
| Limited federal government, separation of powers, and checks and balances. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Great Compromise? |
|
Definition
| An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Three-fifths Compromise? |
|
Definition
| An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 stipulating that for purposes of the apportionment of congressional seats, every slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three branches of government? |
|
Definition
| Legislative, Executive, and Judicial |
|
|
Term
| What are some powers of the legislative branch? |
|
Definition
| Expressed powers specific powers in the constitution as well as the necessary and proper clause to make laws and carry them out if they are necessary and proper (elastic clause). |
|
|
Term
| What are some powers of the Executive branch? |
|
Definition
| Power to negotiate treaties, veto, direct the nation's business, grant reprieves and pardons. |
|
|
Term
| What are some powers of the judicial branch? |
|
Definition
| Over controversies between citizens to states, states, to country, etc. Can declare actions of other branches invalid or unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
| What is the necessary and proper clause? (Elastic Clause) |
|
Definition
| Article 1 Section 8, of the Constitution, which enumerates the powers of Congress and provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry them out. |
|
|
Term
| What is the supremacy clause? |
|
Definition
| A clause of Article VI of the constitution that states that all laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision. |
|
|
Term
| What is important about the Supremacy Clause? |
|
Definition
| States cannot go against the constitution, and it exists as the "final check", but leaves constitionality ambiguous. |
|
|
Term
| What is the separation of powers? |
|
Definition
| The division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making. |
|
|
Term
| What is checks and balances? |
|
Definition
| The mechanism through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches. |
|
|
Term
| What does article 1 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
| The longest article dealing with the legislative branch. |
|
|
Term
| What does article 2 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does article 3 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
| The judicial branch, least important branch to the founders. |
|
|
Term
| What does article 4 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does article 5 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does article 6 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
| Debts, supremacy, and oaths. |
|
|
Term
| What does article 7 of the constitution deal with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you amend the constitution? |
|
Definition
| Proposal needs 2/3 congressional house vote, ratify needs 3/4 state approval. |
|
|
Term
| What are special about the first 10 amendments? |
|
Definition
| They are the bill of rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reflection of our values and mood of the time, they can be in response to and event, or a long shift in values. |
|
|
Term
| How many total amendments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many total amendments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The separation of powers between the federal (central) and state (regional) governments. |
|
|
Term
| Why can policies be made by all levels of government? |
|
Definition
| Because federalism allows different states to vary in legislation and policies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right to know what you are charged with before you go to court. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supreme and independent political authority. |
|
|
Term
| What is the differences between dual federalism and cooperative federalism? |
|
Definition
| Dual federalism is shared government powers between the state and the nation, with states exercising the most important powers. While cooperative federalism is cooperative and collective action working from both states and nation on common problems. |
|
|
Term
| What can dual federalism be compared to? |
|
Definition
| Layer cake. (Clear separation) |
|
|
Term
| What can cooperative federalism be compared to? |
|
Definition
| Marble cake (mix of powers) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of federalism? |
|
Definition
| States rights era through 1930s, Growth of federal powers 1930s to 1980s, and Reconsideration of federal power 1980s to today. |
|
|
Term
| What phase of federalism did the Keating Own Child Labor Act (1916) take place in? |
|
Definition
| The States Right Era, 1930s. |
|
|
Term
| What phase of federalism did Dagenhart vs. Hammer (1918) take place in? |
|
Definition
| States Rights Era: Before 1930s. |
|
|
Term
| What were some factors that shifted to the growth of federal powers in the second phase of federalism? |
|
Definition
| WWI, Industrial Revolution, Great Depression. |
|
|
Term
| What phase of federalism did United States v.s Darby Lumber (1941) take place? |
|
Definition
| Growth of Federal Powers 1930s to 1980s. |
|
|
Term
| What are expressed powers? |
|
Definition
| Powers specifically granted to the federal government in the text of the constitution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8) of the Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers. |
|
|
Term
| What are reserved powers? |
|
Definition
| Powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states; these powers are reserved to the states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The power reserved to the government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of the citizens. |
|
|
Term
| What are concurrent powers? |
|
Definition
| The authority possessed by both the state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
|
|
Term
| Name the different powers. |
|
Definition
| Expressed, implied, reserved, police, and concurrent. |
|
|
Term
| What is the full faith and credit clause? |
|
Definition
| The provision in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that each state normally honors the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The defense of marriage act that was passed in 1996 declaring that states will not have to recognize a same-sex marriage that was conducted in another state. This overrides the full faith and credit clause. /all my creys. |
|
|
Term
| What is the commerce clause? |
|
Definition
| Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." This clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court to favor national power over the economy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different grants? |
|
Definition
| Grants-in-aid, Categorical grants-in aid, Project grants, Formula grants, Block grants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A general term for funds given by Congress to state and local governments. |
|
|
Term
| What are categorical grants-in-aid? |
|
Definition
| Funds given by Congress to states and localities and that are ear-marked by law for specific categories, such as education or crime prevention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal funds given to state governments to pay for goods, services, or programs, with relatively few restrictions on how the funds may be spent. |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of states' rights? |
|
Definition
| The principle that states should oppose increases in the authority of the national government. The view was most popular before the Civil War. |
|
|
Term
| What is a divided government? |
|
Definition
| The condition in American government in which the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress. |
|
|
Term
| What was the example left by US v.s. Lopez (1995)? |
|
Definition
| The overturn of the commerce clause. |
|
|
Term
| What trial overturned the commerce clause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What act was an example of the states checking federal governmental power? |
|
Definition
| Keating Owen Child Labor Act (1916) |
|
|
Term
| What was Keating Own Child Labor Act (1916) an example of? |
|
Definition
| States active check of federal governmental power. |
|
|
Term
| What was the outcome of Dagenhart v.s. Hammer (1918)? |
|
Definition
| Congress cannot make a law about child labor. |
|
|
Term
| What trials outcome ended in Congress being unable to make a law about child labor? |
|
Definition
| Dagenhart v.s. Hammer (1918) |
|
|
Term
| What happened in United States vs Darby Lumber Co. (1941) |
|
Definition
| An overturn of Dagenhart. |
|
|
Term
| What trial overturned Dagenhart? |
|
Definition
| United States v.s. Darby Lumber Co. (1941) |
|
|
Term
| What is the 10th amendment? |
|
Definition
| The Power of the States and the people to check the government. |
|
|
Term
| What are civil liberties? |
|
Definition
| Protections of citizens from unwarranted governmental action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describe government's responsibility to protect citizens. |
|
|
Term
| What trade off does civil liberties reflect? |
|
Definition
| Trade off of freedom and order. |
|
|
Term
| what trade off does civil rights reflect? |
|
Definition
| Reflects our trade off of freedom and equality. |
|
|
Term
| What are some freedoms included in the Bill of Rights? |
|
Definition
| The right to free speech, the right to free exercise of religion, prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures, and guarantees of the due process of law. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 9th amendment? |
|
Definition
| It says that the list is not complete. |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the 9th amendment? |
|
Definition
| This allows us to get other rights and liberties. It has been used to both limit and expand rights and liberties. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 14th amendment? |
|
Definition
| Citizenship rights with incorporation of the bill of rights to the states. |
|
|
Term
| What is selective incoporation |
|
Definition
| On a case-by-case basis, the Supreme Court recognized the bill of rights in the states. |
|
|
Term
| What was Schenck v. US (1919) about? |
|
Definition
| Dangerous speech, Established the test of "clear and present danger." |
|
|
Term
| What trial established the test of "clear and present danger" concerning "dangerous speech." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977) about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the rules for what government can and cannot ban on speech? |
|
Definition
| Cannot ban because of content, it must go beyond to actual breakdown of social order or threats of violence. |
|
|
Term
| What can the government ban in speech? |
|
Definition
| Verbal assault or a racial slur toward an individual. |
|
|
Term
| What cannot the government ban in speech? |
|
Definition
| Revolution leafets and hate speech on the basis of content. |
|
|
Term
| What the government can ban concerning religion. |
|
Definition
| Drugs as a sacrament, and displaying a nativity scene alone. |
|
|
Term
| What the government cannot do in religion. |
|
Definition
| Declare an official religion, ban beliefs, fund religious schools in general, or require school prayer. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) Lemon test? |
|
Definition
| Criteria for aid to religious schools, it must have a secular purpose, its effect should neither advance nor inhibit religion, it must not lead to excessive entanglement. |
|
|
Term
| What is the establishment clause? |
|
Definition
| The First Amendment clause that says " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." This law means that a wall of separation exists between church and state. |
|
|
Term
| What is the free exercise clause? |
|
Definition
| The First Amendment clause that protects a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses. |
|
|
Term
| What is the clear and present danger test? |
|
Definition
| The criterion used to determine whether speech is protected or unprotected, based on its capacity to present a "clear and present danger" to society. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between libel and slander? |
|
Definition
| Libel is written, slander is oral. But both are made in reckless disregard of the truth and considered damaging to a victim. |
|
|
Term
| What right is given, but not directly in the constitution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What rights of privacy have been given by the Supreme Court? |
|
Definition
| The privacy of beliefs, home, person and possessions, and personal information. |
|
|
Term
| What ruling involved privacy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the 5 times we have narrowed liberties? |
|
Definition
| British-french conflict: alien and sedition acts, Civil war: suspended habeas corpus, WWI: Espionage Act, WWII, Interened japanese americans, Cold war: McCarthyism and loyalty oaths, |
|
|
Term
| What is the possible sixth time liberties are limited? |
|
Definition
| Patriot Act: Roving Wire Tap, Military Tribunals. |
|
|
Term
| What are some groups that have fought for civil rights? |
|
Definition
| African Americans, Women, Latinos, Asian Americans, Immigrants, Native Americans, Americans with Disabilities, The Aged, and Gay People |
|
|
Term
| What is the equal protection clause? |
|
Definition
| The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens "the equal protection of the laws." This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups. |
|
|
Term
| What rule came out of Plessy v. Ferguson? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trial ended with "separate but equal?" |
|
Definition
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
|
|
Term
| What happened after Brown v. Board of Education? |
|
Definition
| States no longer had the power to use race as criterion of discrimination in law and also the national government would have constitutional basis for extending its power. |
|
|
Term
| What is affirmative action? |
|
Definition
| A policy or program designed to redress historic injustices committed against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right of the government to take private property for public use, with reasonable compensation awarded for the property. |
|
|
Term
| What are congress' three functions? |
|
Definition
| Representation, legislation, and oversight. |
|
|
Term
| What goals do the three functions of congress lead to? |
|
Definition
| Reelection, public policy, and political influence. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of congress? |
|
Definition
| It is bi-cameral composed of the house of representatives and the senate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of a representatives district who vote to elect him or her. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pass bills, approve amendments, impeach the president, declare war, elect the president (if tie) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pass bills, approve amendments, approve treaties, approve presidential appointments, declare war, impeach the president, elect the vice president |
|
|
Term
| What are misconceptions about congress? |
|
Definition
| They are in it for the money, incompetent or corrupt, lazy or too slow, not representative of my ideas. |
|
|
Term
| What are the good things about congressional committees? |
|
Definition
| Allows good deliberations, separates workload, allows expertise, better district representation, multiple committee and subcommittees |
|
|
Term
| What is the Incumbency Puzzle? |
|
Definition
| Why does the American electorate consistency vote to return incumbents in Congress, but also support term limits with low congressional approval? |
|
|
Term
| What are the four things that explain the incumbency puzzle? |
|
Definition
| Incumbents are good campaigners, Name recognition for low information, Favor of press attention (Franking privilege), Psychology of localism (favoring their representative over others) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between reapportionment and redistricting? |
|
Definition
| Reapportionment is the number of representatives per state while redistricting is the change of boundaries for districts within states. |
|
|
Term
| What is pork-barrel legislation? |
|
Definition
| The appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that often are not needed but are created so that local representatives can carry their home district in the next election. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one political party. |
|
|
Term
| Who is the Speaker of the House? |
|
Definition
| The chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected at the beginning of every Congress on a straight party vote. He or she is the most important party and House leader. |
|
|
Term
| Who is the majority leader? |
|
Definition
| The elected leader of the party holding a majority of the seats in the House of Representatives or the Senate. In the House, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker. |
|
|
Term
| Who is the minority leader? |
|
Definition
| The elected leader of the party holding less than a majority of the seats in the House or Senate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The provision by the House Rules Committee that prohibits the introduction of amendments during debate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill. |
|
|
Term
| What is a standing committee? |
|
Definition
| A permanent legislative committee that considers legislation within its designated subject area; the basic unit of deliberation in the House and Senate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tactic used by the members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. Once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a cloture vote of three-fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rule allowing a supermajority of the members of a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill. |
|
|
Term
| What are roll-call votes? |
|
Definition
| Votes in which each legislator's yer or no vote is recorded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A legislative practice wherein reciprocal agreements are made between legislators, usually in voting for or against a bill. In contrast to bargaining, logrolling unites parties that have nothing in common but their desire to exchange support. |
|
|
Term
| What is the executive agreement? |
|
Definition
| An agreement between he president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" |
|
|
