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| Two steps of protein synthesis |
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Transcription
Translation |
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| Location of transcription |
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| Enzyme used in transcription |
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| Cytoplasm of cells on ribosomes |
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| Signals end of translation |
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| beginning of protein; codes for purpose |
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| Proteins synthesized on FREE ribosomes final destination |
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Definition
Nucleus (RNA polymerase)
Mitochondria
Stay in cytoplasm |
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| Proteins starting on free ribosomes, then moves to ER, and ends on BOUND ribosomes |
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Definition
Go through ROUGH ER then sorted by Golgi apparatus
End in plasma membrane, interstitial fluid, and lysosomes |
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| Equal number and distribution of negative and positive charges |
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| Protein release or insertion into membrane |
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| Bring things into the cell |
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Structural
Catalytic
Transport
Channel
Messenger
Receptor
Identity tag |
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| amino acids strung together by peptide bonds |
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| Sugar and Phosphate function in nucleotide |
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| 4 reasons for nucleic acid speciality |
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Definition
5 bases in 2 groups (AG=purines, CTU=pyrimidines)
Different bases in 2 types of nucleic acids (nDNA, RNA)
Bases form pairs
Sequence stores and expresses genetic information |
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| sequence of bases in DNA coding for proteins |
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| sequence of 3 neighboring bases in nDNA |
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| change in base sequence in a gene |
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| Main principal regarding energy |
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Definition
| Cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another |
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| catabolic rxns+ anabolic rxns |
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building
net exchange of energy is negative (inversted) |
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Break apart
Net exchange of energy positive (released) |
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| Found in liver and muscle cells |
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| Production of glucose in liver or kidney cells |
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Catabolism of glucose
Relies on enzyme |
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spend 2
gain 4
net gain of 2 |
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Term
| Conversion of pyruvate into lactate |
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Definition
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| Catabolism of glucose via glycolysis |
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Definition
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| ATP production through glucose catabolism |
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Definition
| Direct or substrate phosphorylation |
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Definition
2 produced in glycolysis
2 spent in pyruvate to lactate conversion
net gain 0 |
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Term
| Catabolism of glucose via oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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| Requires use of oxygen and mitochondria |
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| Byproducts of aerobic catabolism |
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| Catabolism of pyruvate location |
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Definition
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Definition
| Carries away acetyl groups |
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Definition
Aerobic catabolism of glucose
Revolves 2 times per
start with Coenzyme A with acetyl group, 2 CO2 produced, 1 ATP produced via direct phosphorylation, 1 FADH, 3 NADH |
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| Location of electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation |
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| Byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Some by direct phosphorylation
Most by oxidative phosphorylation |
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Moving from high concentration to low
Down the gradient |
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Moving from low concentration to high
Up the gradient |
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Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion through ion channels
Facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Transport across plasma membrane within membrane-bound compartments |
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Definition
non-polar molecules
ex: O2, CO2, steroid hormones |
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| 4 Factors affecting simple diffusion |
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Definition
Concentration difference
Surface area
distance
size/mass |
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| higher osmolarity= higher ion concentration and vice versa |
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| Body fluid average osmolarity |
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Definition
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| channels in membrane that allow water diffusion |
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| Diffusion through ion channels |
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Definition
Small ions
ex: Na+, K+, Ca++ |
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| Factor affecting ion channel diffusion |
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Definition
| Permeability of membrane (channel open or closed) |
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Large polar molecules
ex: glucose, amino acids |
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| Factor affecting facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| Number of transporter proteins |
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Definition
small ions, ATP required
ex: Na+/K+ pumps |
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Definition
| bring 2 K+ in, push 3 Na+ out |
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Definition
| 1/3 of total ATP used in pumps |
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| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
small ions and large polar molecules
ex: glucose, amino acids |
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| Power for Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| provided by flow of ions from primary active transport |
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Definition
| Difference in electrical charge between 2 points |
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| charge created by separation between positive and negative charges |
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| flow of charges in attempt to equalize |
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| more negative than positive |
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| More positive than negative |
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| Plasma membrane average charge |
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Definition
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| Electrical charge of cell |
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| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| Membrane potential (charge) when at rest |
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| Causes for membrane potential shifts |
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Definition
Diffusion of ions across membrane
Permeability |
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| Factors that affect diffusion of ions |
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Definition
What kind of ion channels are open
How many are open |
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| Diffusion of ions through channels dependent on... |
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Definition
| concentration gradient of ions |
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| K+ diffusion makes membrane potential more... |
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| Na+ diffusion makes membrane potential more... |
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| Positive charge vs negative charge |
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| Positive charge vs positive charge |
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| Equilibrium potential of K+ |
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| Equilibrium potential for Na+ |
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| Changes in membrane potential used to communicate between cells |
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| Collection of nerve cell bodies |
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Term
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| Ganglia and nerves (everything else) |
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| Nervous system general roles |
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Definition
Control
Coordinate
Communication |
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Definition
Protect (especiall CNS)
Guide for growing nerve cells
Produce myelin (membrane wrapped around nerve)
Help regulate what substances enter BBB (blood brain barrier) |
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| Nerve cells to glial cells |
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Definition
| 100-200 billion compared to nearly 5 times as many |
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| Communication (send and receive signals) |
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Definition
cell body
dendrites
axon
initial segment
axon terminal |
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Definition
Slow potentials
Hyperpolarization and depolarization
Carry between 1-2 mm
Can summate |
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Definition
Depolarize
Travel long distance (full axon) and have refractory period
Require threshold
Regenerate impulse along axon until MP fulfilled |
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| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| Minimum time for MP to recover and prepare to refire |
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| Relative refractory period |
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| actual time to recover fully without force to refire |
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Definition
| The study of how the body functions and how functions interact |
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| Key parameters of cellular systems |
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Definition
Nurtrient/waste levels
Oxygen/carbon dioxide concentrations
Temperature
pH
Osmolarity |
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Extracellular with interstitial
Intracellular with interstitial
Interstitial with extracellular and intracellular |
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Intracellular
Extracellular |
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Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma |
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| Maintenance of fairly constant conditions in the internal environment compatible with staying alive |
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| Negative feedback control |
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Definition
| Mechanism for homeostasis |
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| Normal value of parameter |
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| Difference between current parameter and normal |
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| Causes return to set point |
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| Involving much or all of the body systems |
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| Limited region or structure involved in response |
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| Main causes for systems to fail |
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Definition
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Definition
| Basic units of structure and function |
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| Cell membrane composition |
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Definition
Phosphlipids (bilayer)
Proteins |
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| Polar likes polar, repels non-polar and vice versa |
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Cell membrane stable form
Significant portion of membrane |
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Slightly amphipathic (polar and non, mostly non)
lends fluidity to membranes |
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| Types of protein structures |
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Definition
Integral membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins |
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Definition
Cell-to-cell adhesive
ID tag |
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| Cytosol (intracellular fluid) |
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Structure/shape
Aids in transport inside cell |
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Increase movement across membrane due to increase surface area
Increase absorption rate |
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| Can move and create currents |
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Definition
| Adding reactants to make a product |
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| Breaking reactant into multiple products |
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| Energy that can be released, stored in bonds (chemical) |
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| Energy that helps make a reaction go |
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| 3 Ways to speed reactions |
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Definition
Add heat
Add more reactants
Use enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Lower activation energy
Speed reaction
Same product from same reactants
Reusable |
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Definition
| All enzymes are proteins!!!! |
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| Place where a reactant binds on an enzyme |
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| Reactants bounds by an enzyme |
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| Factors affecting enzymes |
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Definition
Specificity
Saturation
Competition |
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| How selective an enzyme is |
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| How many of the enzymes are occupied at the time |
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| Makes substrate fit enzyme better |
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| Inorganic molecule often derived from a vitamin (Big) |
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| All coenzymes are cofactors, not always other way around |
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Definition
| Carry product from one reaction to be a substrate in another reaction |
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| Max rate of reaction, all enzymes occupied |
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| Make enzyme less effective |
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| Make enzyme more effective |
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| Measure of fluid concentration |
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| Average osmolarity in cells |
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Definition
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| Adding a phosphate group to a molecule |
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| Focus of direct phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Source of phosphate group |
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| Focus of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Estimation for concentration of free hydrogen ions in a fluid
Indicates acidity of a solution |
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| More acidic and higher H+ |
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| Membrane between exracellular and intracellular fluids |
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| Membrane of cellular organelles |
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Definition
Semi-permeable
Transport across
Point of contact for some communication |
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| Carbohydrate bound to protein |
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| Carbohydrate bound to lipid |
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| Head of bilayer compared to water |
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Definition
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| Tail of bilayer compared to water |
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| Primary fuel for nervous system |
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Definition
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| Location of insulin production |
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Definition
| Beta cells in the pancreas |
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| Side effects of high plasma glucose over extended time |
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Definition
| Blindness, neuropathy, poor wound healing, heart disease, kidney failure, poor circulation |
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