What are the basic tenets of capitalism?

Profit Motive

 The profit motive is the most basic tenet of capitalism: the desire for individuals to accumulate as much wealth and resources as they can through expenditure of effort or a lesser amount of resources. Capitalists decide to invest their capital and resources in the hopes of seeing a big return on their investments and become wealthy.

Private Ownership and Individual Action

Capitalism depends on the private ownership of capital and resources as well as the power of individual action. The idea is that if individuals are sufficiently driven by the profit motive, they can choose to invest their money in ownership of a means of production (such as a factory) and employ others to produce goods and services which they will then sell on the market. Capitalists pay workers less than the value of their labor and the difference between the costs involved in producing goods and services and the money accumulated by selling these goods and services on the market is considered profit. Capitalists are the masters of their own capital and resources and can use these to further their own ends. It is thought that if the resources are owned collectively by the state, then individuals will not be able to make capitalist decisions or make a profit from the labor of others.
 

Competition

According to capitalist theory, competition is a necessary component for a healthy capitalist system. Each dollar is like consumers voting for a particular commodity and anytime consumers spend money, they are voting for whatever item or company provides. Individuals and companies try to capture the most votes. At the same time, those who do not earn money or votes are considered weak and are expected to die off. However, to prevent monopolies, which are considered detrimental to capitalist practice, it is expected that other new competitors will spontaneously rise to take their places.



Supply and Demand

Capitalism is governed by an "invisible hand" and driven by supply and demand on the free market. Successful individuals and companies work individually and with uncoordinated actions to meet the needs of the market. For example, if capitalists produce something that no one is interested in buying, they can expect to lose money, but if they produce something that many people want, they can expect to meet a market need and make money.



 What are the basic tenets of socialism?

Social Control of Property

The most basic tenet of socialism is that of public ownership of property and natural resources. This is opposed to the basic tenet of capitalism, which emphasizes the individual ownership of property. Socialists believe that capitalism leads to vast inequalities and the concentration of power at the top. Although public ownership of goods is a common thread, many socialist movements and parties disagree about exactly what should be publicly owned. Some socialists believe that individuals should be able to own their own homes and small businesses, while others think that all major property should be collectively owned.



Focus on Worker's Rights

Socialism sees a person's individual work--whatever that work might be--as a contribution to the great social good, and therefore worthy of fair compensation. In socialist societies, attempts are made to even out the disparities in wages between different workers and the state abides by the slogan "from each according to ability, to each according to needs.

look at pg 499

Social Justice

Because of the focus on public ownership and egalitarianism, socialism is also concerned with social justice and civil rights in general. Socialist organizations include social justice, global democracy, and individual civil rights as major principles important to their movement. Throughout the 20th century, socialists took the lead in organizing unions to end oppressive and unsafe working conditions and in picketing, marching and generally advocating for civil rights.



Democracy and Socialism

Socialist ideals include democracy and free government elections as a necessary part of a socialist society. Socialism aims for a society in which every member has a say in public decisions and in how public property is used. Socialists believe in free elections that offer the public several viable choices in elected representation.



Marxist view and capitalist economy

(on ppt of Ideology and Social Welfare)

PART 1

Marxist Assessment

1. Marxian idea of welfare is founded on the satisfaction of human need.

2. Marxism does not offer a way of conceptualizing system of welfare other than social services. An example would be religious and charitable

3. Marxist thinking seems to be overly deterministic.

4. Basic capitalistic values and institutions can accommodate state intervention and collectivist social policies seem to have not been anticipated by re-Marxist theory.     

Marxist view and capitalist economy

(on ppt of Ideology and Social Welfare)

PART 2

Marxist view and capitalist economy is as follows

1. Welfare entails the regulation of work and living conditions and the distribution of societal resources on the basis of human need.

2. Capitalism is antithetical to welfare.

3. Welfare can begin to be established partially in capitalist society through collective action of the works. But, given the nature of the capitalist social system the prospect for reform remain meager.

4. In a class divided society, the govt. and state serve the interest of the dominant class. But the universality of the state requires it to act, on behalf of the community as a whole.

5. Welfare can be established as a regulative and distributive norm only after the means of production have been socialized and the market private property system abolished.

assistance, enterprise welfare and mutual aid.

Capitalist society and social welfare

(on ppt of Ideology and Social Welfare)

In capitalist society the needs are met through

1. Social services: education income maintenance, health and housing.

2. Occupational welfare: absence of public health care system (universal) and the low level of state pensions led to the development of occupational benefits. It is part of the reward structure of the enterprise.

3. Fiscal benefit: Child tax allowances, mortgage relief, etc. To summarize, social services, occupational welfare and fiscal benefits are three main elements of welfare in the advanced capitalist society.

From residual to institutional From charity to citizens right From special services to universal services From minimum resources to optimal social environments From individual to social reform From voluntary to public and private From welfare of the poor to welfare state From social welfare to social development

per Figuerira-McDonough article on Policy Practice, civil rights movement was an example of social action and policy practice. It was grass roots/communitarian and local and indigenous participation was encouraged. -social action - method of intervention in social work. stands for redistribution of resources and reduction of inequalities, and thus is related to policy practice. -social action's 2 main purposes: 1. draw support from outside groups and from general public opinion 2. weaken bargaining power of official decision makers. to fulfill these purposes: -must map position of interest groups before coalition negotiation; -plan presentation and coverage of community problems to maximize public support; -and study political vulnerabilities of authorities and timing of public embarrassment to ensure success in public confrontation. the success of the civil rights movement illustrates use of these strategies. -communities that were actively involved were selected carefully, prepared, and organized for collective action. -the size and dramatic characteristics were carefully designed to get media coverage. -the visibility of inequities suffered by black people and transmitted via media shocked many individuals and associations into supporting the demands for equality -evidence of racial discrimination during the Cold War was a source of unbearable national embarrassment

From Karger Chp. 10 all forms of social insurance, the cornerstone of US social welfare policy - a system whereby people are compelled via taxes to insure themselves against the possibility of their own indigence, such as might result from the economic vicissitudes of retirement, the loss of a job, death of a family breadwinner, or physical disability (p. 258). SOCIAL SECURITY -Social Security in America was created in 1935 by FDR via the Social Security Act. This established the basic framework for modern social welfare state, and is modest in comparison to the present scope of Social Security -pay-as-you-go system -current social security provides for old age survivors and disability insurance (OASDI), unemployment insurance (UI), federal assistance to aged, blind, and disabled persons under SSI program, public assistance to families with children under TANF, federal health insurance for the aged (Medicare), and federal and state health assistance for the poor (Medicaid) --->Medicare and Medicaid are actually part of the social security system --Medicare is federal health insurance for the aged --Medicaid is federal and state health assistance for the poor

Democracy- the ideology that can be fused with socialism or capitalism; The blend of the two is possible; Mixed economy: Both capitalism and socialism.

Political economy of US. The main function of the welfare is to modify the play of the market forces and moderate the social and economic inequalities generated by the market; This is achieved through state provision of social services and state regulations of private activities; In short, social welfare bolsters the ideology by helping the remedy problem associated with economic dislocations and helps society maintain balance.

It is based the assumption that radical economic change can occur within a democratic context. They argue fundamental nature of capitalism is antithetical to advancing the public good. They argue that a system based on the pursuit of profits and individual self-interest can only lead to greater inequality between haves and have-nots. The creation of just society requires fundamental transformation of economic system and for this profit and self-interest should be replaced by collective pursuit of common good. Socialists see social problems as a logical consequence of an unjust society Believe that real social welfare must be structural and can be accomplished only through redistribution of resources. In just society (all goods, services and resources were made to everyone) most social services like healthcare, counseling, etc. would be unnecessary. Poverty is linked structural inequality.

Technology assisted practice such as: E-mails to coordinate efforts at policy change, We-based public education and awareness campaign, Databases,Online fundraising,Blast-faxing. Use of internet E-mail to decision makers Online communities Internet only advocacy groups Video-streaming of speeches and educational resources.

(1935) Drafted by FDR as part of New Deal. The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and financial assistance to benefit at death. Payments to current retirees are financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer. The act also gave money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals (Title I), for unemployment insurance (Title III), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Title IV), Maternal and Child Welfare (Title V), public health services (Title VI), and the blind (Title X).

Policy Practice is viewed as, “Efforts to change policies in legislative, agency, and community settings by establishing new policies, improving existing ones, or defeating the policy initiatives of other people” (Jansson, 1999) Policy Advocacy is, “Policy practice that aims to help relatively powerless groups… improve their resources and opportunities” (Jansson, 1999) Because of our values, when social workers are involved in policy practice by trying to change policies, we are participating in policy advocacy because we are trying to help the powerless. The core values that we are emphasizing when we use policy practice/advocacy are service and social justice. Many textbook authors do not argue that policy practice is an intrinsic part of social work identity. Active policy advocacy in policy issues in the form of policy practice should be imperative for intervention mandated by social justice goal in social work. The Ecological Systems Perspective can be used as a general analytic framework for policy practice/advocacy. This perspective demands us to look at problems and solutions holistically. When we are engaging in policy practice/advocacy, we must consider diversity on more than a cultural level. We must look at environmental concerns, economic matters, culture, social circumstances, communities, physiological issues, and spiritual affairs. Some of the things that policy advocates try to resolve are: regulations (minimum wage, housing codes, etc.), needs-meeting policies (basic health and economic benefits), opportunity enhancing policies (education and job training programs), social service policies (mental health and child welfare policies), referral and linkage policies (case management and outreach programs), civil rights policies (prohibit the infringement of civil rights,) equality enhancing policies(this one is basically like needs meeting because it focuses on helping low income individuals and families like the earned income tax credit or food stamps), asset accumulation policies (these are ideas like tax incentives specifically used to help people save or buy homes or fund education) infrastructure development policies (the promotion of construction of roads and parks to stimulate employment), economic development policies (like giving loans to businesses to open shop in low income areas), facilitation of political participation by oppressed and marginalized groups, budget changing policies (when resources are insufficient to follow through with social service programs), protective policies (these are policies to protect people from violence or abuse like the law that says new born babies can be dropped off at a hospital no questions asked) Some of the tasks social workers need to master to participate in policy practice/advocacy are: decide what is right and wrong, develop a vision, navigate policy and advocacy systems (use legislature, media, social action, advocacy letters etc.). Understand different systems and how to use them to your benefit, set agendas when presenting problems, ability to critically analyze social problems, policy, and service outcomes, develop keen research skills, develop proposals, and enact and implement policies. Social workers should also be trained in lobbying There are four methods for policy practice. Legislative Advocacy, which is defined, “To promote and influence legislation that will benefit the deprived populations that social work represents” (Figueira-McDonough, 1993). Advocacy through litigation, defined as presenting a “test case” to the judicial system in order to remedy problems that affect powerless or oppressed minority groups. Advocacy through social action, which is defined as a grassroots method of intervention wherein a powerless or oppressed group publicly challenges the status quo in an effort to gain access to fundamental resources. Lastly, advocacy through social policy analysis, defined as strategies used for ensuring accountability in the area of social policy implementation and in guiding program reform (Figueira-McDonough, 1993). It is important for a policy advocate to learn the basics of advocacy in cyberspace. Some of the ways the internet may be useful are using email to coordinate efforts at policy change, using web based public education and awareness campaigns, using the Internet for mapping and targeting populations, making use of online fundraising and fax blasting (Hick & McNutt, 2002)

"Refers to discrimination against and prejudicial treatment of a racially different minority group. This prejudicial treatment may take the form of differential hiring and firing practices and promotions, differential reseource allocations in healthcare and education, a two-tier transporation system, segregated housing policies, discriminatory behavior of judicial and law enforcement agencies, or stereotypical and prejudicial media images. A pattern of racial discrimination that is strongly entrenched in a society is called institutional racism" (Karger & Stoesz, 2010:64)

The glass ceiling metaphor has often been used to describe invisible barriers ("glass") through which women can see elite positions but cannot reach them ("ceiling"). These barriers prevent large numbers of women and ethnic minorities from obtaining and securing the most powerful, prestigious, and highest-grossing jobs in the workforce.Moreover, this barrier can make many women feel as they are not worthy enough to have these high-ranking positions, but also they feel as if their bosses do not take them seriously or actually see them as potential candidates (Davies-Netzley, 1998;Hesse-Biber &Carter 2005). According to Karger and Stoesz (2010), In 1995 the "Glass Ceiling Commission" was created to try and find ways to end these occupational barriers. They recommended enforcing current anti-discrimination laws and using affirmative action policies.

"The aged in America face social and economic barriers. They are seldom respected for their wisdom and experience and they do not occupy elevated positions protected by tradition. Instear, once they have lost their earning potential, the aged are often percieved as a financial albatross around the neck of an economically productive society" (Karger & Stoesz, 2010:92-94) In 1959 35% of people over 65 were under the poverty threshold. In 2006, 9% are considered poor and another 26% were considered low-income. 9 of 10 people over 65 live in families with income from Social Security. The elderly are often victimized by crime, domestic violence, and job discrimination. The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) vigrously advocate for the aged(Karger & Stoesz, 2010:92-94).

Povery Categories

^{Those only making minimum wage}

^{Working Poor: 5.1% of work force (7.7 million) classified, may not be considered poor according to Poverty Line, but fall below some percentage of poverty level, blacks and Hispanics were twice as likely than whites to fall in this category, families with young children were more likely to fall into category than childless families, single female headed households were more likely to be working poor than single male headed households}

^{Urban Poor: Inner cities have a large poverty population. This area of large cities is usually inhabited by minorities which have statistically higher poverty and under/ unemployment number. Many families in urban settings are female headed households with mothers/caregivers earning minimum wage}

^{Rural Poor: Rarely rely or rely less on public assistance than urban poor (due to fear, stigma, or lack of information/access); more likely to live in chronic long-term poverty (culture of poverty), concentrated more in the South, West, and Midwest, especially the Appalachian Mountains, 15.2% of rural population is living below poverty line}

^{The unemployed or underemployed}

^{Unemployed people include those who are actively looking a job even if they already have one. Frictional unemployment is considered unavoidable and part of an every changing economy.  Can be seen as transitional unemployment where and when a worker is moving from one job sector to another; can also be voluntary. Structural unemployment refers to the “deeper and longer lasting maladjustments in the labor market”. This results from a mismatch between demand in the labor market and the skills and locations of the workers seeking employment (technology/machinery displacing workers).}

^{Underemployed is someone who previously had a full time job and is currently working a part time job or someone who has a college degree and working in an area where the degree is not needed or utilized (being over qualified)}

^{Those with occupational disabilities or poor health}

^{Occupational disability is a condition in which a worker is unable to perform the functions required to complete a job satisfactorily because of an occupational disease or an occupational accident. Poor health can go along with the disability. Most of the time, these people will start receiving government pensions which do not adjust to inflation or heightened cost of living.}

Causes of Poverty

Poor physical health | Physical disabilities | Emotional problems | Extensive medical bills | Alcoholism/Drug addiction | Lack of employment opportunities | Lack of employable skills | Low education level | Female headed household with young children | Mental disorder | Racial/Sexual/Gender discrimination | Job displacement due to automation | Divorce, desertion, death of spouse | Gambling addiction | Anti-work ethical values | Low paying jobs | Mental retardation | Retirement | Underemployment

Corporate Welfare

(definition, impact, implications)

Definition: Corporate welfare is when the government gives multimillion dollar companies money with little or no interest fee. This money rarely or never has to be paid back. Sometimes, the money is not given to the companies outright, but will go towards building new buildings, bettering locations in order to "create jobs," all without having to pay any of it back.

Impacts: This welfare going towards huge companies that make millions of dollars in profits creates a wider and more visible wealth gap between the rich and the poor. This can be especially evident in government sponsored /corporate welfare funded companies going to small towns with high poverty rates and building companies there. This is all in an effort to "create jobs" but the wealth is never shared with the people of the host city. They are instead robbed of their labor and the company will move once the contract is over. The company buildings will get all the latest amenities while the people providing the labor receive the minimum, if that.

Implications: This division of the government of what they are willing to invest money in is telling of society at large. Our government is able and willing to pour cash into a project that can do fine on its own, yet the poor populations who are struggling to pay their water bill is looked down upon for asking for a 100th of what the government will give away freely to corporations. It is evident that money, power, and profits are more important to American society and government than it's own people.

-Political economy refers to the interaction of political and economic theories in understanding society. The political economy of the United States has been labeled democratic capitalism—an open and representative form of government that coexists with a market economy.

-The U.S. welfare state is driven by political economy, Ideally, the political economy of the welfare state should be viewed as an integrated fabric of politics and economics, but in reality, some schools of thought or movements contain more political than economic content, and vice versa.

-Refers to the interaction of political and economical institutions in a society.

-Democratic capitalism = political economy of the U.S.

-Political rights are guaranteed by the constitution of the U.S. However, economic rights are not guaranteed by the constitution. Large number of Americans find the economy unresponsive to their needs. Is social welfare a means to respond to those who are left behind by the market?

A measurement and classification of poverty that is based on and related to the standard of living enjoyed by other members of society.

A measurement and classification of poverty that is based on the minimal standard of living (including food, clothing, shelter) necessary for survival.

The blending  of economic analysis with practical politics. In effect, political economy views economic activity within a political context.

A set of socially sanctioned assumptions, usually unexamined, explaining how the world works and encompassing a societys general methods for addressing social problems.

Major provisions of social security act

Passed in 1935 during FDR’s presidency and was considered the “hallmark of American liberalism”.

Originally, the act provided assistance to the elderly poor, dependent children, the blind, and some disabled children.

Current SSA provides for: Old Age Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI), Unemployment Insurance (UI), assistance to the blind/disabled under SSI (Supplemental Security Income), assistance to families with dependent children under TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), federal health insurance for the aged (Medicare), and health assistance to the poor (Medicaid).

Settlement house movement/Hull house

Beginning in the 1880s, settlement houses emerged in big cities. They were set up in immigrant neighborhoods by wealthy people, college students, unattached women, teachers, doctors, and lawyers. These people would live in settlement houses in an attempt to bridge class differences and not just dump relief, like Charity Organization Societies would, on immigrants and others in these communities. They helped those in these neighborhoods to organize themselves and they provided “fresh and reliable knowledge about the social and economic conditions of American cities.” Settlements were reform oriented and sometimes offered services to the poor. They urged the poor to press for change. Reforms included: TB prevention, establishment of well-baby clinics, housing codes, outdoor playgrounds, child labor and industrial safety legislation, some of the first studies of the urban black in America.

Hull House was created by Jane Addams in 1889. It was a settlement house in Chicago and was directed toward ethnic communities and was based on Christian Socialism. 

Poverty can be defined as deprivation--either absolute or relative. Absolute poverty refers to those who don't meet an unequivocal standard necessary for survival. Those who fall below this line are considered poor. Relative poverty refers to deprivation that is relative to the standard of living of other members of society. Basic needs may be met, but the relatively poor possess fewer resources, opportunities, or goods than other citizens. Poverty trends and poverty line charts on pages 114, 115 in textbook

Inequality in the distribution of income, goods, resources, and opportunities

This refers to lack of comman of resources Racism, sexism, ageism as forms of denial access

This is the belief that poverty traits are passed from one generation to the next, based on Eugenic movement.

Asserts that poverty is an inherited characteristic. Socioeconomic inequality is due to lack of genetic intelligence. Lower socioeconomic classes have lower intelligence. Success in life is determined by having a high IQ.

Marxist perspective Poverty provides surplus laborers, disciplines resistant/disobedient workers, increases the prestige of the middle class by having a lower class The poor reduce the class tension between the upper and middle classes

Americans are blind to poverty because the poor are "invisible" Americans either don't want to see deprivation, or are so removed from poverty that they are unaware of the issue

Viewed as personal deficiency ie: based on one case An individual person is poor because he/she has some deficiency

View of poverty as an economic problem characteristic to certain regions/areas Possibly due to lack of industrialization and progress in certain areas

Those making only minimum wage The unemployed Those w/occupational disability/poor health

Measure used to determine eligibility requirements for federal government assistance programs like food stamps, TANF, etc (Note: the powerpoint for class states that TANF is determined by the poverty guideline...however, the textbook says TANF uses the poverty threshold)

The official federal poverty measure used primarily for stats purposes This usually represents a lower income level than the poverty guideline. Having a lower poverty line/threshold helps the USA look better, statistically, because less people are considered "poor"

Problems with the Poverty Index

(as reported in 1995 by National Academy of Sciences-NAS)

-It excludes in-kind benefits when counting family income -It ignores the cost of earning income when calculating the net income of working families (For ex: $5000 in wage income doesn’t include work-related expenses such as clothing or transportation) -It disregards regional variation in the cost of living, especially the cost of housing and food -It ignores the impact of tax payments, such as income, sales, payroll, and property taxes in states where those taxes are high -It ignores the effects of Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) -It ignores the value of health coverage in determining family income, and ignores medical care costs both in terms of health insurance costs and out-of-pocket medical costs for those without health insurance -The index was never updated to account for changing consumption patterns and expenses. For example, although food accounted for one-third of all family expenditures in the 1950s, it now accounts for about one-seventh Recommendations by NAS: 1) Change to measure of income by adding non-cash benefits and subtracting taxes, work-related expenses, child support payments, medical expenses 2) Create a new poverty threshold that is based on clothing, food, shelter, and "a little bit more" 3) Replace the use of the March Current Population Survey with data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, a measure that would change the percentage and distribution of the poor (textbook p 115)

Principle Provision of

Elizabethan Poor Law 1601

The Poor Law of 1834/

The Workhouse

lIf people were out of work it was because they were lazy and idle

lThe worker became a product of labor

lMax Weber in 1911 pointed out the worker was a mere cog in the machine

(1818-1883) Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto which was a theoretical analysis of the unjust capitalist society and set the stage for the European revolution & reform in England.

1) "Social work practice is driven by social policies that dictate how the work is done, with whom, for how much, and toward what ends." (Karger & Stoesz, 5)

2) "...political factors contribute to policies that determine the ability of the worker and agency to accomplish their jobs." (Karger & Stoesz, 5)

3) Micro: Individuals and Families

Mezzo: Groups

Macro: Organizations, communities, society

4) Individual therapy

5) Couple therapy

6) Conducting/Facilitating groups

7) Crisis Intervention

8) Policy implementing 

-Women's wages are generally lower than those of men, and women more often have to resort to public welfare programs.

- There are higher poverty rates in female-headed households than male-headed households.

- Some causes of the feminization of poverty are: divorce,

desserted, low-paying jobs (e.g., fast-food restaurants, retail stores).

Community Mental Health Centers Act

Poverty trends

2011: 15.0%

2006: 12.3%

2004: 12.7%

2000: 11.3% 

1998: 12.7%

1995: 13.8%

1986: 13.6% 

Poverty across gender and ethnicity

(From Analysis of Poverty...pwrpt.)

Female-headed households 

2011: 31.7% 

2006: 28.3% 

2005: 28.7% 

2000: 25.4% 

1995: 32.4% 

1986: 38.3% 

1978: 35.6%

Blacks

2011: 27.6%

2006: 24.3% 

2005: 24.9% 

2000: 22.7% 

1995: 29.3% 

1986: 31.3% 

1978: 30.6%

Hispanics

2011: 25.3%

2006: 20.6%

2005: 21.8%

2000: 21.4%

1995: 30.3%

1986: 27.3%

1978: 21.6%

Whites

2011: 12.8%

2006: 10.3%

2005: 8.3%

2000: 7.4%

1995: 11.2%

1986: 11.0%

1978: 8.7% 

Social institutions are networks of relationships that carry out the essential social functions. Social institutions develop around these needs. Kinship & family, religion, workplace, market place, mutual assistance and government, etc. are organizational forms. They are formalized way of providing resources for helping to meet human needs.

Organizational Forms Primary Functions Social Welfare Functions Families Procreation, intimacy, support Care, finacial support Churches Spiritual Development Counseling, social services Work organizations Employment Emplyee benefits Producers & Consumers Exchange of goods/services Commercial, so. For money welfare goods/services Support groups, Mutual aid, philanthropy Volunteering, Vol. agencies com. Social services National/Regional/local Mobilization & distribution Antipoverty, economic Governments of goods for collective goals health, education, housing, etc

Help provided only when needs are unmet by other institutions- family, religious institution, market, etc. Viewed as a safety net Temporary and viewed as negative Stigma attached. It is curative Sees poor as incompetent, second-class citizens & provides second class services

SW is considered as a first line defense of modern industrialized society. Seen as normal and accepted way of fulfilling social needs. No stigma attached. It is preventative. Recognizes the need for variety of social services to maintain good standard of living. Social problems are rooted in social structure and hence planned social change

The residual welfare ameliorates the problem of the ‘unfortunate classes’ through middle and upper class benevolence. Institutional view considers SW as front line function of modern society in a positive way working with other institutions for a better society. These concepts are a reflection of broader cultural and societal conditions & values American social welfare has combined both these conceptions

Social welfare refers to all socal interventions intended to enhance or maintain the social functioning of human beings. It is an organized system of laws, programs and benefits and services which aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standard of life, health, relationships needed to develop their full capacities. At the ground level, social welfare policy appears to be in the form of social welfare programs, benefits and services used by people every day to adress basic human needs

How was social work viewed before it was a profession?

Who provided services before social workers?

Religious Organizations, charities, public, and voluntary services.

Who developed the first training of Social Workers?

Father Vincent de Paul, a seventeenth century Roman Catholic Clergyman, initiated the training of social workers when he founded the Daughters of Charity in 1633.

Daughters of Charity

A group of young women who devoted themselves to charitable work and were trained especially for nursing the poor.

Juan Luis Vives contribution to the emergence of professionalism

·  1537 – Developed a plan for good persons to “remember the burden of their neighbor […] assist with their presence in visiting, comforting, helping, and in executing the deeds of pity.”

·   It is the deed to take care of others.

Sieken Troosters (comforters of the sick) as a profession

1626 - American colonies had sieken troosters that were appointed to visit ill persons at their homes and to offer counsel on spiritual and other needs. Sieken troosters needed to pass an exam before they were appointed.

New York Associate for Improving the Condition of the Poor (NYAICP)

·         1843 – Aided poor through the use of volunteers; missionaries were used to do administrate work, also had to train and supervise volunteers.

·         Eventually the NYAICP merged with New York Charity Organization Society to form the Community Service Society of New York.

Charity Organization Society (COS)

Hoped to meet social problems of the cities – unemployment, orphans, beggars, and the ill by:

1.      Direct Service: to individuals and families. Social casework and family service agencies

2.      Planning and Coordinating Efforts: development of the community organization and social planning.

Settlement Houses and improving SW as a profession

** improved housing, health, general living conditions, finding jobs, teaching English, occupational skills, hygiene, and attempting to change the environmental surroundings.

·         Toyanbee Hall was the settlement house established in London in 1884. Middle and Upper classes would live in a poor neighborhood so they could experience firsthand the realities of “neighborhood life” and they could seek ways to improve conditions.

 ·        U.S. cities followed the model of settlement houses. U.S. Settlement homes were for house workers and daughters of ministers.

 ·         1910 – 400 settlement houses had been established. ¾ founded by women.

**Hull House – best-well known settlement house. Established by Jane Adams in 1889 (Jane won the Nobel Peace prize in 1931).

Philanthropic Work and professionalism

·     1898 – New York Charity Organization Society offered the 1^st course in practical philanthropic work to charity workers.

 In 1898, a training course was introduced by the New York School of Philanthropy which is now the Columbia School of Social Work.

1904 – 1 year program was offered

·         1951 – Official Code of Ethics was prepared by the American Associate of Social Workers (AASW).

·         1960 – National Association of Social Worker (NASW) developed Code of Ethics

·         Formulated a common body of knowledge for casework based on collecting info and understanding the meaning of the info. Training schools were formed.

** Important because showed the professional process consisting of diagnosis, study, prognosis, and treatment planning.

Milford Conference

1929 – the group reported generic social casework.

8 common aspects:

1. Knowledge of typical deviations from accepted standards of social life

2. Use of norms of human life and human relationships

3. Significance of social history as the basis of particularizing the human being in need

4. Established methods of study and treatment of human beings in need

5. Use of established community resources in social treatment

6. Adaptation of scientific knowledge and formulations of experience to the requirements of social casework

7. Consciousness of a philosophy that determines the purpose, ethics, and obligations of social casework

8. Blending of the foregoing into social treatment

Two Models used for Social Work Groups

(Article SW emerging profession p.15-16)

 1.      The Mutual Aid Model focuses on processes that occur among the group members and their mutually dependent relationships and between the group and its social environment.

 2.      The Cognitive-Behavioral Model focuses on the way members' behaviors and thoughts are altered by individual and group processes in order to attain desired outcomes. Goal is to help people improve their social skills; based on behavioral, cognitive, and small-group strategies, the goals of which are behavioral, cognitive, and/or emotional change.

National Association of Social Workers (NASW)

The primary mission of the social work profession is "to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty."

NASW Code of Ethics

Embraced by Social Workers throughout the professions history, are the foundation of social workers unique purpose and perspective.Service - Social workers pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people.

1. Social Justice - Social workers challenge social injustice
2. Dignity and worth of the person - affirmation of the essential human worth and dignity of every person, regardless of individual qualities and/or group membership.
3. Importance of human relationship - should advocate for living conditions conducive to the fulfillment of basic human needs and should promote social, economic, political, and cultural values and institutions that are compatible with the realization of social justice.
4. Integrity – behave in a trustworthy manner
5. Competence – Encourage Social Workers to base their practice on recognized knowledge, including empirically-based knowledge.

NASW Statement of Needs and How are they met?

(Social Policy & Services Pwpt. S14)

·         Need for physical and mental well being

·         Need to know

·         Need for justice

·         Need for economic security

·         Need for self-realization, intimacy, and relationship

** Needs are met by social institutions in family, community, religious organizations, governmental organizations, and employment organizations.

Core set of values and concepts belonging to the social work with groups?

 ·         A systemic perspective-that is, groups are social systems. This view underscores a dynamic view of group development and operation, stresses the reciprocal nature of relationships, and highlights the relationship of the group to its context.

 ·         Group dynamics, including group climate and processes, influences on members goals, maintenance, and task functions, decision making, developmental stages, norms, conflict, cohesion, and power structures.

 ·         Concepts of intervention, including planning and analysis, worker's engagement, power of the group as the medium of service, individual, group, and environmental interventions.

The process of professionalism (5 components)

 1.      A substantial number of people begin doing full-time some activity that needs   doing

2.      A training school is established

3.      A professional association is formed

4.      The association engages in political agitation to win the support of law for the protection of the group

5.      A code of ethics is developed

Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)

·         Founded in 1952 – Nonprofit association, representing graduate programs, undergraduates, and individual members of professional social work education.

·         Recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation as the sole accrediting agency for Social Work education in this country.

·         The baccalaureate programs prepare for generalist professional practice and the master's degree programs prepare for advanced professional practice in various areas of concentration and intervention methods.

Social Work with Groups

1. Democratic experiences

2. Cooperative problem solving and mutual support

3. Improvement of society

4. Character development

Growth in Social Work as a profession

 ·         1930 - New public assistance programs increased the number of social workers to 31,000.

 ·         1940 census there were at least 70,000 social and welfare workers.

 ·         The American Association of Social Workers (AASW), the largest professional organization, doubled its size.

 ·         17 new schools of social work opened.

Freedman’s Bureau for Former Enslaved Persons as a form of emerging

Social Workers

 Created temporary relief:

·         Food

·         Clothing

·         Hospitals

·         School

·         Orphan asylums

·         Homes for the aged

·         Job searching

·         Transportation for jobs seekers

·         Legal

Thomas Chalmers and his contribution to SW as a profession?

·         Minister and philosopher, believed that people could provide for themselves through their own resources, the kindness of relatives, and sympathy of wealthier members of the community.

·         1819-1823 - He implemented a plan where the church collections were to be used to provide for the people. He eventually took over the care of individuals of the town hospital.

·         He trained people to help and try to bring people out of poverty.

 * Created the concept of “casework” because each person or case was unique; individual assessment.

Who adopted UDHR and when?

 Was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948

·      It was the  result of experiences (atrocities) with the Second World War.

What Charter did the UDHR complement? When and where was the 1st discussion?

·       Complemented the UN Charter as a guideline guarantee for human rights everywhere.

·       Discussion took place at 1^st session of the General Assembly in 1946 

·    consisting of members of the Commission from eight states.

·     Commission of Human Rights was made up of members from various political, cultural and religious backgrounds. They met up first time in 1947.

 ·       Eleanor Roosevelt, widow of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, chaired the UDHR drafting committee.

With her were René Cassin of France, who composed the first draft of the Declaration, the Committee Rapporteur Charles Malik of Lebanon, Vice-Chairman Peng Chung Chang of China, and John Humphrey of Canada, Director of the UN’s Human Rights Division, who prepared the Declaration’s blueprint.

But Mrs. Roosevelt was recognized as the driving force for the Declaration’s adoption.

What did the final draft named?

Who composed the final draft?

·       Final draft, which Cassin composed, became known as the Geneva draft.

Jane Adams was a pioneer social worker, a feminist, and an internationalist.

In 1889 Jane Adams leased a large home (Hull-Hous) to provide a center for a higher civic and social life. Her purpose was also to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago.

Jane Adams made speeches about the needs of the neighborhood, raised money, convinced young women of well-to-do families to help, took care of children, nursed the sick, listened to outpourings from troubled people. By its second year of existence, Hull-House was host to two thousand people every week. There were kindergarten classes in the morning, club meetings for older children in the afternoon, and for adults in the evening more clubs or courses in what became virtually a night school. The first facility added to Hull-House was an art gallery, the second a public kitchen; then came a coffee house, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, a cooperative boarding club for girls, a book bindery, an art studio, a music school, a drama group, a circulating library, an employment bureau, a labor museum.

In 1905 she was appointed to Chicago's Board of Education and subsequently made chairman of the School Management Committee;

In 1908 she participated in the founding of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy and in the next year became the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections.

. In 1910 she received the first honorary degree ever awarded to a woman by Yale University.

Mary Richmond increased the public's awareness of the COS and for fundraising.

She was  a caseworker.

In 1909 she helped establish networks of social workers and a method by which they did their work.

Some books she published with her ideas: Friendly Visiting among the Poor, Social Diagnosis and What is Social Case Work. Within these books she demonstrated her understanding of social casework.

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Frustration-aggression. Theory by J Dollard discrimination is a form of aggression created when individuals get frustrated.  They can't direct their rage at the real sources so a relatively weak minority groups are easy and safe target of the pent up aggression. For example, poor southern whites are generally thought of as racist.

Authoritarian Personality Theory

People with an authoritarian personality rigidly conform, submit without question to their superiors, reject those they consider to be inferiors, and express intolerant sexual and religious opinions. The authoritarian personality may have its roots in parents who are unloving and aloof disciplinarians. The child then learns to control his or her anxieties via rigid attitudes

Normative Culture Theory

Normative Culture suggests that individuals hold prejudicial attitudes because of their socialization. That is, through both overt and covert messages , a society teaches discrimination and rewards those who conform to prevailing attitudes and behaviors.

Economic Power Theory

Economic power theory contents that dominant groups discriminate to maintain their political and economic advantages.

Poverty among different age groups

(children)

Children

-2007: 12.3 million poor children under age 18

-Poverty rate higher than any other age group: 17% in 2007 compared to a poverty rate of 12.5%

-Poverty rate for children under age 5 is higher: 20.4% =4 million children

-Poverty rate for children 5 & under living in female-headed households: 53.7%

-More than 7% of U.S. children live in extreme poverty (family incomes below 50% of the poverty line)

-AND 38.5% of children live IN or NEAR poverty (family incomes below 200% of the poverty line

-Research indicates that extreme poverty during a child’s first 5 years has harmful effects on their future life chances

Poverty among different age groups

(Elderly)

Elderly

-Were once the poorest group

-1959, poverty rate for 65 & older was 35.2%

-2006 poverty rate for this age group decreased 9.4% from 10.1% in 2005

-More than 3.4 million elderly live in poverty

-Almost 23% African Americans over 65 were poor in 2007

-19.5% of elderly Hispanics were poor

-The poverty line in 2007 for an individual 65 or older was $9,944 compared to $10,782 for those under 65 or older (difference of 8%)

            àThis assumption based on the fact that elderly spend less money on food, but it doesn’t account for the higher drug bills for the elderly.

·       When was the first draft of the Declaration proposed?

In September 1948 with over 50 Member States participating in the final drafting.

By its resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948, the General Assembly, meeting in Paris, adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with eight nations abstaining from the vote but none dissenting.

·       How long did it take to compose the entire text of the UDHR?

·       UDHR has inspired a rich body of legally binding international human rights treaties: 80 international human rights treaties and declarations, a great number of regional human rights conventions, domestic human rights bills, and constitutional provisions, which together constitute a comprehensive legally binding system for the promotion and protection of human rights.

What represents the universal recognition that basic rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent to all human beings?

·       On December 10 1948 _____________ made a commitment to uphold dignity and justice for all.

When did the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enter into force?

Article 1

· of the universal declaration of human rights

·       All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

·       

Article 3

·       

Article 4

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Article 8

Article 9

Article 10

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

• Article 8
• Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
• Article 9
• No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11

Article 12

Article 13

Article 14

Article 15

Article 11

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16

Article 17

Article 18

Article 19

Article 20

Article 16

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21

Article 22

Article 23

Article 24

Article 21

• (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
• (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
• (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22

• Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23

• (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
• (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
• (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
• (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24

• Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25

Article 26                                   

Article 27

Article 28

Article 29

Article 30

Article 25

• (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
• (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26                                                  

• (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
• (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
• (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27

• (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
• (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28

• Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29

• (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
• (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
• (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30

• Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

The Right-Based Approach (from article for class presentation)

Needs based allows:

Utilitarianism is?

Needs based is used

what are dismissed because of limited resources and some believe that a rights based approach is idealistic or impractical?

Rights holders:

Duty bearers:

A positive right:

A negative right:

Obligation to RESPECT:

Obligation to PROTECT:

Obligation to FULLFILLMENT:

States are represented by politicians and lawmakers. The state public health workers work close with the State to ensure that the right to health is fulfilled.

At a global level the United Nations holds ?

Non-State Actors:

Rights claimers:

The right to health contains

Everyone has the right to access

The Rights based approach implies an explicit connection to normative documents  in the field of international human rights. Those documents are?

Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of human Rights (UDHR):

Article 12 of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural righs (ICESCR)

THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS:

Reports of the United Nations special Rapporteur on the right to health:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights/World Health Organization:

Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of human Rights (UDHR) Gives...

• (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
• (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 12 of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural righs (ICESCR) gives...

·       1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

·       2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for:

·       (a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child;

·       (b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;

·       (c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases;

·       (d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness.

THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS:

GENERAL COMMENT 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard for physical and mental health:

General comment 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard for physical and mental health:

·       Health is a fundamental human right indispensable for the exercise of other human rights.

·       The right to health is recognized in numerous international instruments…

·       The right to health is closely related to and dependent upon the realization of other human rights, as contained in the international Bill of Rights, including the rights to food, housing, work, education, human dignity, life, non-discrimination, equality, the prohibition against torture…

Reports of the United Nations special Rapporteur on the right to health:

· 

     Special Rapporteurs are independent experts appointed by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights to examine and report on a situation or a specific human rights theme.

·       In 2002, the 1^st special rapporteur on the right to health was appointed by the United Nations.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights/World Health Organization:

·       This document outlines the way in which the right to health relates to vulnerable groups, such as minorities, women, children, refugees, persons with disabilities.

The Human Rights Based Approach Statement of Common Understanding:

·       

Human Rights are universal and inalienable.

·       Human rights are indivisible

·       Human rights are interdependent and interrelated.

·       All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue of the inherent dignity of each person.

·       Every person and all peoples are entitles to active, free, and meaningful participation in civil, economic, social, cultural, and political development…

·       States and other duty bearers are answerable for the observance of human rights.