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Exam 1
Ferraro Ch. 1-7
47
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/21/2012

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Culture
Definition
set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization, or group
Term
anthropology
Definition
the study of humans, past and present
Term
major fields
Definition
physical. archaeology, linguistics, cultural
Term
aspects of anth
Definition
global, holistic, comparative
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
cultural traits are best understood when viewed w/in the cultural context of which they are apart
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
viewing the customs of other societies in terms of one's own
Term
enculturation
Definition
process by which human infants learn their culture
Term
etic approach
Definition
perspective in ethnography that uses concepts and categories of of the anthropologist's culture to describe another
Term
emic approach
Definition
perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis
Term
ethnology
Definition
comparative study of cultural differences and similarities
Term
ethnography
Definition
anthropological description of a particular culture through direct fieldwork
Term
culture is 1.
Definition
1. learned
Term
culture is 2.
Definition
2. all encompassing
Term
culture is 3.
Definition
3. general (human) vs specific (Southern)
Term
culture is 4.
Definition
4. patterned
Term
culture is 5.
Definition
5. symbolic
Term
culture is 6.
Definition
6. mostly integrated
Term
culture is 7.
Definition
7. shared
Term
culture is 8
Definition
8. adaptive/maladaptive
Term
culture 9
Definition
9. influences biololgical processes
Term
culture is 10.
Definition
10. always changing
Term
culture is 11.
Definition
11. taken for granted
Term
evolutionism
Definition
edward tylor, lewis henry morgan
all cultures develop from simple- complex
slower cultures and faster cultures
savagery-barbarism-civilization
Term
Diffusionism
Definition
new developments are borrowed from someone else
>18th century- Englishmen Smith and Perry- Egyptocentrism
>German-austrian Graebner and Schmidt- culture circles
Term
Edward Tylor
Definition
Evolutionism- 3 levels
savagery => barbarism => civilization
Term
Lewis Henry Morgan
Definition
Evolutionism
extrapolated on Tylor's theory
added low, mid, upper in each category (made into more of a continuum)
Term
American Historicism
Definition
historical particularism
Franz Boas- Am cultural anth
other anthropologists "armchair anthropologists"- no fats, just theories
thought anth should only gather data, then arrange facts into a pattern- inductive approach
Term
egyptocentrism
Definition
Smith and Perry
Egyptians only culture and one of 1st civilizations, everyone else learned from them
Term
Culture circles/centers
Definition
Graebner and Schmidt
Mesopotamia, China, Eu (2), and Egypt arose independently from each other, those individuals between centers copied from the closest
Term
inductive approach
Definition
Boas
facts/data first, then patterns/theories
Term
Functionalism
Definition
Bronislaw Malinowski
Trobriand Islands- Kula Ring
find the function in the seemingly impractical
Term
Structural Functionalism
Definition
Arthur Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
society has structure to hold individuals, societ has things to hold structure together
Inuits
"mother-in-law avoidance"
Term
Modern Functionalism
Definition
Robert Merton
2 functions
>manifest- obvious: hunting gathering--> feeds village
>latent- hidden: Kula ring--> food trade, spouse finding
Term
Psychological Anthropology
Ruth Benedict
Definition
culture/personality school of thought
cannot characterize an entire culture with one label
Kwakiutl
Term
Psych Anthro
Margaret Mead
Definition
Samoa- no sexuality taboos
New Guinea gender roles
adolescence- culturally caused angst vs openness
Term
Psych anthro
Edward Sapir
Definition
language categories ==> actions/perceptions/worldview
Term
NeoEvolutionism
Leslie Whites
Definition
Universal evolution
look at specifics - culture = energy x technology
ranks cultures in terms of energy technolgy harnessed per capita
hunter gatherers ---> nuclear energy
Term
NeoEvolutionism
Definition
Julian Steward
"father of cultural ecology"
multilineal evolution
how ecology impacts culture
Term
French Structuralism
Definition
Claude Levi-Strauss
binary contrasts in all cultures (hot/cold, good/evil)
no facts to support brain related hypothesis
Term
Ethnoscience
Definition
Ward Goodenough and William Sturtevant
every culture has categories to put things in
Term
Feminist Anthropology
Definition
try to fill in gaps in data on women
Lamphere, Ortner, Rosaldo
Term
Cultural Materialism
Definition
Marvin Harris
scientifically verifiable FACTS
ignore ideology
Term
Post modernism
Definition
Interp anth
Clifford Geertz, Ruth Behar
subjective
Term
Cross Cultural Stat Comparison
Definition
1940's Yale- GP Murdock
Human Relations Area Files
comparisons of different cultures from around the world
Term
grammar
Definition
rules for properly constructing a language
Term
phonemes
Definition
sounds possible, no language uses all the sounds
Term
morphemes
Definition
properly forming sounds (phonemes) into words with meaning
duality
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