Term
| current global population size |
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Definition
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Term
| current us population size |
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Definition
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Term
| historical trends in population size and growth rates |
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Definition
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Term
| historical and global range of life expectancies |
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Definition
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Term
| social demography vs. formal demography |
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Definition
FORMAL DEMOGRAPHY
objective: description and forecasting
data: census data and vital statistics
SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY
objective: explanation
data: census data, vital statistics and social surveys |
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Definition
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| graphical representation of the sex and age distribution of a population |
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Term
| be able to describe the relationship between two demographic variables in a graph |
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Definition
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Term
| demographic transition - description |
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Definition
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Term
| review meanings of pyramids |
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Definition
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Term
| demographic transition - causes of mortality decline |
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Definition
1. economic development and increased standard of living
2. knowledge of how disease is spread
3. public health infrastructure
*medical intervention is NOT a cause of mortality decline |
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Term
| demographic transition - critiques |
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Definition
| theory can't explain when transitions begins or how long it will take to complete |
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Term
| demographic transition - experience of european countries |
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Definition
| eurocentric: "westernization" as synonymous with development. based on mortality and fertility decreases in western europe |
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Term
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Definition
| census is everyone, where as sample is just a group |
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Term
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Definition
| people are counted where they belong |
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Term
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Definition
| people are counted where they are on census day |
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Term
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Definition
| people are counted where they usually sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| the life table: how to read life expectancies at different ages |
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Definition
| average number of additional years a group of individuals could expect to live beyond their current age given the current mortality rates |
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Term
| epidemiologic transition - description, general propositions, experience of european and contemporary developing countries |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hispanics have favorable health and mortality profiles relative to the non-hispanic white population. this is a paradox because most hispanics in the US are socioeconomically disadvantaged vis-a-vis non-hispanic whites, and the literature has shown a consistent association between low socioeconomic status and poor heath outcomes |
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Term
| population change through the demographic balancing equation |
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Definition
| N2 = N1 + B – D + IM – OM |
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# of deaths
____________________ x 1000
mid-year population |
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Term
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Definition
deaths ages 0-1 in year t
_________________________ x 1000
births in year t |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 components of population change? |
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Definition
| fertility, mortality, migration |
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Term
| what is the historical pattern of world population growth, and what are some key events that brought about changes in the world's population size? were changes in population growth rates influenced primarily by rising or declining fertility or mortality levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| why might the demographic transition be different in currently developing countries? |
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Definition
| they move through the transition quicker, assisted by medical technologies exported from west (food too) |
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Term
| how does the US census count people? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some major developements in the US census measurement of race and ethnicity, and what were the historical contexts that informed these changes? |
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Definition
1st US census in 1790; recorded names of head of household, white males aged 16 years and older, free white females, 3/5 of slaves and other persons
1850 racial categories black, white, indian, mulatto
1868 3/5 compromise repealed
1860/70 chinese and japanese added
1890 categories quadroon (1/4 african american) and octroon (1/8 african american)
jim crow era - quad/octroon omitted
1910 other race added
1930 mexican, filipino, hindu, korean
1940 undercount of blacks discovered (draft), mexicans subsumed under white category, "long form" sample began
1960 self reporting
1977 OMB Directiveamerican indian/alaskan native, asian/pacific islander, black, white; ethnicity:hispanic
1990 .5 mil americans are more than 1 race, though supposed to report 1
2000 allowed to select more than one race; 2.4% of pop do
2010 "long form" census eliminated; american community survey conducted between census years |
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Term
| what is the relationship between mortality and age? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the relationship between mortality and sex? what are some explanations for these differences? |
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Definition
women have lower mortality rates than men at every age in the US
SEX
-hormones: estrogen linked to lower risk of heart disease
-reproductive physiology: women may be more "robust" than men to survive trauma of childbirth
-body mass: higher body mass among women may protect against weight loss in older age
GENDER
-risk behavior: women drink and smoke less than men, but women exercise less
-social relationships: women maintain closer ties with friends and family; men more likely to be married
-socioeconomic status: men earn more income; but women have more education |
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Term
| what is the distinction between sex and gender? |
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Definition
sex = biological
gender = social |
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Term
| what is the relationship between mortality and race/ethnicity within the US context? what are some explanations for these differences? |
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Definition
| absolute death rates decrease for blacks and whites, but relative death rates increase in black/white difference |
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Term
| how does the cause-of-death profile change in the epidemiologica transition; how does the age-mortality relationship change? |
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Definition
| infectious/parasidic>>>manmade, degenerate, chronic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
high death rate, high birth rate "disease, famine, starvation"
"age of pestilence and famine" |
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Term
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Definition
declining death rate, high birth rate
"diseases less common"
"age of receding pandemics" |
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Term
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Definition
death rate bottoms out, declining birth rate
"age of degenerative and man-made diseases" |
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Term
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Definition
low death rate, low birth rate
"age of delayed degenerative diseases?" |
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Term
| demographic transition - causes of fertility decline |
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Definition
1. mortality decline
2. economic development
3. intergenerational wealth flows
4. diffusion of ideas |
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Term
| coal's three preconditions of fertility decline |
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Definition
1. acceptability - fertility must be within the calculus of conscious choice
2. desireability - reduced fertility must be perceived as advantageous
3. possibility - effective techniques of fertility reduction must be available |
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Term
| demographic transition - less developed nations |
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Definition
| they move through the transition quicker, assisted by medical technologies exported from west (food too) |
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Term
| why did mayor bloomberg want a recount for the US census for nyc? |
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Definition
| hte US census count was much lower than the Ny count. the hispanic population was not accounted for in the US census. |
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Term
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Definition
| reapportionment and redestricting (house of representatives) |
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Term
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Definition
| oldest age to which humans can survive (122 years) |
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Term
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Definition
probability of death during age interval x to x+n
q=d/l |
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Term
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Definition
probability of surviving during age interval x to x+n
p=1-q |
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Term
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Definition
number alive at exact age x
lx+n=lx*px |
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Term
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Definition
number dying during age interval x to x+n
dx=lx-lx+n |
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Term
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Definition
number of person-years lived in age interval x to x+n
Lx=n*((lx+lx+n)/2) |
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Term
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Definition
number of person-years lived after exact age x
Tx=Tx+n + nLx |
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Term
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Definition
average number of years of life remainin at exact age x
ex=Tx/lx |
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Term
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Definition
Working poor are often ineligible for government-sponsored insurance, but low wages prohibit them from purchasing private insurance.
basically, america spends a lot of money on health insurance without it yeilding a good amount |
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Term
| explanations for the paradox |
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Definition
1. cultural buffering - (no advantage); healthy behaviors; social support and family structure; "barrio advantage" (improved health and longevity when a people of the same kind live together)
2. Healthy immigrant effect - (no advantage); immigrants are generally healthier, more educated, and more ambitious than thouse who do not migrate; advantage decreases with greater time in the US and across generations
3. "salmon bias" - (advantage); sick, older immigrants return to their country of origin; death not recorded, thus underestimated
4. data limitations - (advantage); mortality estimates using this data may be incorrect; vital statistics (death certificates/ census data) hispanics self-report as hispanic on the census but a funeral director reports their ethnicity as non-hispanic on the death certificate |
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