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| Four core types of psychology |
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| biological, social/cultural, level of affect, cognition |
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| Goal: to discover the basic mental blocks of experience. Henry Tichner. Method by introspection and trained observers. |
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| Conducted research on himself using nonsense syllables; discovered phenomena of enduring interest. |
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| forget quickly; unstable. |
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| even if you forgot a skill, you will relearn it faster, later. |
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| behaviorist; said the mind cannot be studied; only behavior can be studied. |
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| Goal: to discover the "laws" of learning that determine behavior of all species. Method: lab experiments. |
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| Goal: to understand how the mind brings order to the information it gathers; emphasis on vision. |
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| We add interpretation to reality; try to make sense of reality. |
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| Opposite of Ebbinghaus. Studied memory and memory distortions for pictures and complex verbal material. |
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| Invented Cognitive Psychology; mostly studied children. |
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| Occurs after repetition; the conditional stimulus has to be closely done before the unconditional stimulus |
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| seeks to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible, even if a computer's processes are much different than a human's |
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| attempts to take in human simulations, including the same accuracy and errors. |
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| Parallel Distributed Processing |
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| argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like units; many operations proceed simultaneously. |
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| where cognitive activity occurs. |
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| Positron Emission Tomography |
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| measure blood by injecting participant with radioactive chemical just before this person performs a cognitive task. |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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| A photo is taken of oxygen atoms while the participant performs a cognitive task. |
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| Event-Related Potential Technique |
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| Records brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity, in response to a stimulus. |
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| Single-Cell Recording Technique |
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| Researchers study characteristics of an animal's brain and nervous system by inserting a thin electrode into or next to a single neuron. |
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| Computer Simulation/Computer Modeling |
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| Takes human limitations into account |
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| System handles only one item at a given time; a system must complete one task before it goes onto another. |
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| Many signals handled at the same time, rather than serially. |
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| contemporary field that attempts to answer questions about the mind. |
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| Conditions in which the research is conducted is similar to how it would occur in a natural setting. |
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| Step 1 in Atkinson-Shiffrin Model; records information from each sense with reasonable accuracy. Lasts for 2 seconds or less. |
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| Step 2 in Atkinson-Shiffrin model; contains small amount of information that we actively use. Can be lost in 30 seconds if not repeated in some form. |
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| Step 3 in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; not much gets to this step; has an enormous capacity with recent memories & memories that are decades old; relatively permanent. |
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| Credited with differentiated psychology from physiology and philosophy; used a technique called introspection. |
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| Carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible. |
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| Credited with discovering the recency effect. |
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| Magical Number: Plus or Minus 7 |
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| Tested people with 9 letters, who could only recall 3 when asked, but actually knew all 9. Known as the partial paradigm report. |
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| Credited with creating the name "cognitive psychology" with his 1967 paper. |
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| Theory (scientific definition) |
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| Set of principles that explain a set of facts |
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| Testable; can be proved wrong. |
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| Prediction; tentative statement about a relationship; must be specific in order to be testable. |
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| Generate a hunch or guess. This is not self-correcting. |
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| Going to someone else for the answer. |
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| Use logic; draw conclusion for a true statement; use a syllogism. |
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| Important to scientific measurements and observations; hesitant of authority. |
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| Cognitive psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence |
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| 3 disciplines of cognitive science |
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| Two settings for research |
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| Turn a general concept into something concrete and testable |
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| Theories are worded in these terms |
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| Research design found through qualitative and quantitative research |
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| Measures at least two variables to determine if there is a relationship between the two. Finds out the directionality of the two variables. |
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| Just knowing a correlation does not prove which causes which. |
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| There is another variable that is causing a correlation. |
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| Manipulation, Control, Measurement, Comparison |
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| Four parts of an experiment |
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| Assumes events have (natural) causes |
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| Deterministic, Objective, Public |
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| 3 characteristics of the scientific method |
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| Lobe that controls speech |
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| Contains cerebellum and brainstem |
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| If damaged, causes tremors; loss of coordination of slow, deliberate movements |
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| Necessary for forming new memories |
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| Structure at the end of the hippocampus; controls emotion and memory |
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| Where motor cortex is located |
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| Where somatosensory cortex is located |
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