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Exam 1
Chapters 1, 3, and 4
68
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/27/2011

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Term
The scientific study of mental processes and behavior
Definition
psychology
Term
First person to begin studying psychology using an objective experiment (reaction times) and introspection
Definition
Wundt
Term
What are the 5 major movements of psychology?
Definition
Psychoanalysis, Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Cognitivism
Term
Understand how exactly exeriences affect peoples later decisions and the effect dreams have. Unconscious. (Freud) -- major movement
Definition
Psychoanalysis
Term
The basic elements that make up behavior -- breaking down a behavior and isolating each element. (Titchner)
Definition
Structuralism
Term
Moved away from focusing on structure; concerned with how the conscious is related to behavior. "How does the mind affect what people do?"
Definition
Functionalism
Term
Psychology as an objective science; Relationship between environment and behavior
Definition
Behaviorism
Term
The study of mental processes and how they affect behavior (thinking, knowing, remembering)
Definition
Cognitivism
Term
Knowledge gained through systematic study
Definition
Science
Term
An explanation that ties together multiple findings (scientific evidence) about a concept
Definition
Theory
Term
What is the scientific method? Explain
Definition
Procedures we use to gain scientific knowledge. Observation > Hypothesis > Procedure/Experiment > Data (results) > Conclusion
Term
A hypothesis must...
Definition
Be testable
Clearly state how two variables are related
Define variables in easy to measure terms
Term
A factor or condition that is subject to change
Definition
Variable
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
Functions on its own; its value determines the value of other variables
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
Always going to be the behavior that changes or has an output
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
the definitions of the variables
Term
What are the two types of research methods? Explain.
Definition
Descriptive: Naturalistic Observation, Case Study, Correlational
Causal: Experimentation
Term
Advantages: External validity, no experimentor input, generates ideas for further research
Disadvantages: no cause and effect
Definition
Naturalistic Observation
Term
Study of one person or a small group and occurs over an extended period of time
Advantages: Allows us to study rare behaviors, can give us insights to future research
Disadvantages: low external validity, no cause and effect
Definition
Case Study
Term
Examines strength of the relationship between two or more variables.
Advantages: allows us to predict behaviors
Disadvantages: No cause and effect
Definition
Correlational Method
Term
Positive Correlation
Definition
both variables moving in the same direction (decreasing or increasing)
Term
Negative Correlation
Definition
Variables moving in opposite directions
Term
Illusory Correlation
Definition
a correlation between two variables that is caused by a third variable
Term
Causal research method characterized by random assignment (used to cancel out confounding variables - age, gender) and manipulation of an independent variable. Experimental group and control group.
Advantages: cause and effect
Disadvantages: Lowers external validity
Definition
Experimentation
Term
Placebo affect
Definition
Blind study, not telling people they are participating in an experiment
Term
How can you classify if a scientific statement is true or false?
Definition
Rule out rival hypothesis, correlation vs causation, falsifiability, replicability, extraordinary claims, occam's razor (does a simpler explanation fit the data just as well?)
Term
What does it mean when a gene is "expressed"?
Definition
It is turned on which will promote a particular trait
Term
Genetic code for a trait (what genes a person has in their DNA)
Definition
Genotype
Term
Visible expression of the information contained in a person's genetic code
Definition
Phenotype
Term
Dominant Gene vs Recessive Gene
Definition
A dominant gene will be physically expressed if one parent carries it whereas a recessive gene will be expressed if both parents carry it
Term
What are the stages of prenatal development?
Definition
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Term
Any substance that causes harm to a fetus
Definition
Teratogen
Term
What can newborns do?
Definition
Reflexes
Preferences
Temperament
Term
What did Piaget emphasize?
Definition
Cognitive development; emphasis on physical interaction for learning. We learn in a stage like manner based on interaction with the environment
Term
What are the four stages of Cognitive Development according to Piaget?
Definition
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete operational
4) Formal operational
Term
Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
Definition
lack of object permanence
Term
Preoperational stage of cognitive development
Definition
egocentric, cannot understand the view of the world through another person. Lack of concept of conservation
Term
Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development
Definition
When kids begin to have more abstract thoughts
Term
Formal Operational stage of cognitive development
Definition
end stage of cognitive development (age 12)
Term
What is wrong with Piaget's theory?
Definition
cognition is always developing throughout a lifetime, not just until a child is 12
Term
Time in childs life where he or she cannot complete a task by themselves but they can with help from another person
Definition
zone of proximal development
Term
"The Strange Situation"
Definition
when a child is playing in a lab with the mother but then mother leaves and a stranger enters
Term
What are the four kinds of attachment? Explain.
Definition
1) Secure - when baby has a need it will be met by the mother. She is secure support.
2) Insecure-avoidant - behavior tends to be avoidant of mother
3) Insecure-anxious - acts with extreme panic when mom leaves but acts indifferent when she returns
4) Disorganized-attachment - inconsistent set of responses to the mother
Term
What are three styles of parental influence? Explain.
Definition
1) Authoritarian - overly strict
2) Authoritative - strict but responsive
3) Permissive - submit to will of child
Term
What to twins who have been raised together have in common?
Definition
superficial things -- religion, politics
Term
What entails Adolescence in terms of development? Explain
Definition
Puberty (period of sexual maturation) and Brain Maturation (frontal lobes are developed)
Term
What is Kholberg's moral development levels in terms of cognitive development for adolescence? Explain.
Definition
1) Preconventional - a child may not do something for fear of being punished
2) Conventional - early adolescence, caring for others and upholding others rules
3) Postconventional - has morals and decides right or wrong based upon them
Term
A search for identity (who am I?). Adolescent has two social concepts (at school and at home) which eventually develops into a hybrid. Followed by intimacy.
Definition
Social Development
Term
In adulthood, when is there a gradual physical decline, decline in fertility, and menopause for women?
Definition
Middle Adulthood
Term
Crystallized Intelligence (cognitive development in adulthood)
Definition
the amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time.
Term
Crystallized Intelligence (cognitive development in adulthood)
Definition
the amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time.
Term
Fluid Intelligence (cognitive development in adulthood)
Definition
your ablility to reason in an abstract way
Term
What is one way the slowing down of information processing can be reduced in adulthood?
Definition
exercising
Term
Gender
Definition
the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Term
Which three ways are males and females different?
Definition
1) Aggression
2) Social Power
3) Social Connectedness
Term
What are two ways in which our biology may influence our gender differences?
Definition
1) Genetically (sex hormones)
2) Physiologically (differing concentrations of sex hormones)
Term
The sex of the fetus depends on what?
Definition
the absence or presence of testosterone
Term
What are two types of sex disorders?
Definition
1) Androgen Insensitivity - male born with female external genitalia
2) Cloacal Extrophy - male born with testes but no penis
Term
Ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another
Definition
Culture
Term
A set of expected behaviors for males and females
Definition
Gender Role
Term
One's sense of being male or female
Definition
Gender Identity
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Term
Gender Schema Theory
Definition
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male or female, and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
Term
What are the stages of the human sexual response cycle?
Definition
1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution (refractory period -- no orgasm)
Term
Sexual Orientation
Definition
an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either our own sex or the other sex
Term
What was one brain difference noted in heterosexual men?
Definition
the hypothalamus (emotions) was larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men
Term
Twin studies provide evidence that homosexuality is about what percent heritable?
Definition
40%
Term
Illusory correlation
Definition
the perception of a relationship where none exists
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