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| The scientific study of mental processes and behavior |
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| First person to begin studying psychology using an objective experiment (reaction times) and introspection |
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| What are the 5 major movements of psychology? |
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| Psychoanalysis, Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Cognitivism |
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| Understand how exactly exeriences affect peoples later decisions and the effect dreams have. Unconscious. (Freud) -- major movement |
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| The basic elements that make up behavior -- breaking down a behavior and isolating each element. (Titchner) |
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| Moved away from focusing on structure; concerned with how the conscious is related to behavior. "How does the mind affect what people do?" |
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| Psychology as an objective science; Relationship between environment and behavior |
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| The study of mental processes and how they affect behavior (thinking, knowing, remembering) |
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| Knowledge gained through systematic study |
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| An explanation that ties together multiple findings (scientific evidence) about a concept |
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| What is the scientific method? Explain |
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| Procedures we use to gain scientific knowledge. Observation > Hypothesis > Procedure/Experiment > Data (results) > Conclusion |
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Definition
Be testable
Clearly state how two variables are related
Define variables in easy to measure terms |
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| A factor or condition that is subject to change |
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| Functions on its own; its value determines the value of other variables |
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| Always going to be the behavior that changes or has an output |
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| the definitions of the variables |
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| What are the two types of research methods? Explain. |
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Definition
Descriptive: Naturalistic Observation, Case Study, Correlational
Causal: Experimentation |
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Advantages: External validity, no experimentor input, generates ideas for further research
Disadvantages: no cause and effect |
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Study of one person or a small group and occurs over an extended period of time
Advantages: Allows us to study rare behaviors, can give us insights to future research
Disadvantages: low external validity, no cause and effect |
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Examines strength of the relationship between two or more variables.
Advantages: allows us to predict behaviors
Disadvantages: No cause and effect |
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| both variables moving in the same direction (decreasing or increasing) |
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| Variables moving in opposite directions |
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| a correlation between two variables that is caused by a third variable |
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Causal research method characterized by random assignment (used to cancel out confounding variables - age, gender) and manipulation of an independent variable. Experimental group and control group.
Advantages: cause and effect
Disadvantages: Lowers external validity |
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| Blind study, not telling people they are participating in an experiment |
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| How can you classify if a scientific statement is true or false? |
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Definition
| Rule out rival hypothesis, correlation vs causation, falsifiability, replicability, extraordinary claims, occam's razor (does a simpler explanation fit the data just as well?) |
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Term
| What does it mean when a gene is "expressed"? |
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Definition
| It is turned on which will promote a particular trait |
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| Genetic code for a trait (what genes a person has in their DNA) |
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| Visible expression of the information contained in a person's genetic code |
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| Dominant Gene vs Recessive Gene |
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| A dominant gene will be physically expressed if one parent carries it whereas a recessive gene will be expressed if both parents carry it |
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| What are the stages of prenatal development? |
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| Any substance that causes harm to a fetus |
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Reflexes
Preferences
Temperament |
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| What did Piaget emphasize? |
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Definition
| Cognitive development; emphasis on physical interaction for learning. We learn in a stage like manner based on interaction with the environment |
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| What are the four stages of Cognitive Development according to Piaget? |
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Definition
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete operational
4) Formal operational |
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| Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development |
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Definition
| lack of object permanence |
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| Preoperational stage of cognitive development |
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Definition
| egocentric, cannot understand the view of the world through another person. Lack of concept of conservation |
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| Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development |
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Definition
| When kids begin to have more abstract thoughts |
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| Formal Operational stage of cognitive development |
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Definition
| end stage of cognitive development (age 12) |
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| What is wrong with Piaget's theory? |
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Definition
| cognition is always developing throughout a lifetime, not just until a child is 12 |
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| Time in childs life where he or she cannot complete a task by themselves but they can with help from another person |
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| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| when a child is playing in a lab with the mother but then mother leaves and a stranger enters |
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| What are the four kinds of attachment? Explain. |
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Definition
1) Secure - when baby has a need it will be met by the mother. She is secure support.
2) Insecure-avoidant - behavior tends to be avoidant of mother
3) Insecure-anxious - acts with extreme panic when mom leaves but acts indifferent when she returns
4) Disorganized-attachment - inconsistent set of responses to the mother |
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| What are three styles of parental influence? Explain. |
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Definition
1) Authoritarian - overly strict
2) Authoritative - strict but responsive
3) Permissive - submit to will of child |
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| What to twins who have been raised together have in common? |
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Definition
| superficial things -- religion, politics |
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Term
| What entails Adolescence in terms of development? Explain |
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Definition
| Puberty (period of sexual maturation) and Brain Maturation (frontal lobes are developed) |
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| What is Kholberg's moral development levels in terms of cognitive development for adolescence? Explain. |
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Definition
1) Preconventional - a child may not do something for fear of being punished
2) Conventional - early adolescence, caring for others and upholding others rules
3) Postconventional - has morals and decides right or wrong based upon them |
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Term
| A search for identity (who am I?). Adolescent has two social concepts (at school and at home) which eventually develops into a hybrid. Followed by intimacy. |
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| In adulthood, when is there a gradual physical decline, decline in fertility, and menopause for women? |
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| Crystallized Intelligence (cognitive development in adulthood) |
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Definition
| the amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time. |
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| Crystallized Intelligence (cognitive development in adulthood) |
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Definition
| the amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time. |
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| Fluid Intelligence (cognitive development in adulthood) |
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Definition
| your ablility to reason in an abstract way |
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| What is one way the slowing down of information processing can be reduced in adulthood? |
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| the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female |
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| Which three ways are males and females different? |
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Definition
1) Aggression
2) Social Power
3) Social Connectedness |
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| What are two ways in which our biology may influence our gender differences? |
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Definition
1) Genetically (sex hormones)
2) Physiologically (differing concentrations of sex hormones) |
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Term
| The sex of the fetus depends on what? |
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Definition
| the absence or presence of testosterone |
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| What are two types of sex disorders? |
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Definition
1) Androgen Insensitivity - male born with female external genitalia
2) Cloacal Extrophy - male born with testes but no penis |
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| Ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another |
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| A set of expected behaviors for males and females |
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| One's sense of being male or female |
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| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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| the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male or female, and that they adjust their behavior accordingly |
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| What are the stages of the human sexual response cycle? |
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Definition
1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution (refractory period -- no orgasm) |
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Term
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Definition
| an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either our own sex or the other sex |
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| What was one brain difference noted in heterosexual men? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus (emotions) was larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men |
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| Twin studies provide evidence that homosexuality is about what percent heritable? |
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Definition
| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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