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Exam 1
Ch 3
17
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Definition
a mental shortcut through which people begin with a rough estimation as a starting point and then adjust this estimate to take into account unique characteristics of the present situation
Term
attribution theories
Definition
theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior
Term
augmenting principle
Definition
the judgmental rule that states that is an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible causes that lead toward the event
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
a mental shortcut through which one estimated the likelihood of an extent by the ease with which instances of that event come to mind
Term
cognitive heuristic
Definition
a mental shortcut used to make a judgement
Term
correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error)
Definition
the tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors on behavior and to underestimate the causal role of situational influences
Term
correspondent inference theory
Definition
the theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether (1) the behavior was intended, (2) the behavior's consequences were foreseeable, (3) the behavior was freely chosen, and (4) the behavior occured despite countervailing forces
Term
covariation model
Definition
the theory that proposes that people determine the cause of an actor's behavior by assessing whether other people act in similar ways (consensus), the actor behaves similarly in similar situations (distinctiveness), and the actor behaves similarly in the same situation (consistency).
Term
discounting principle
Definition
the judgemental rule that states that as the number of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any particular cause in the true one should decrease
Term
dispositional inference
Definition
the judgement that a person's behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person;s personality
Term
downward social comparison
Definition
the process of comparing ourselves with those who are less well off
Term
false consensus effect
Definition
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
a mental shortcut through which people classify something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to a typical case from that category
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
when an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
the tendency to take personal credit for our successes and to blame external factors for our failures
Term
social cognition
Definition
the process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others
Term
upward social comparison
Definition
the process of comparing ourselves with those who are better off
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