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Exam 1
Some things to remember for the first exam
88
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/07/2008

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Term
Demonology
Definition
The earliest view of abnormal behavior and thinking was that evil spirits could posess and control the mind and body of a person.
Term
Was Demonology an exclusively Judeo-Christain idea?
Definition
No. Many different cultures have had this belief at one time or another.
Term
Exorcism
Definition
Earliest form of treatment for mental illness.
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
Regarded as the father of medicine and the first to adopt a biological model fo the treatment of psychopathology.
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
First person to seperate science and medicine from religion in the treating of mental disorders.
Term
Mania, Melancholy, and Brain Fever
Definition
Hippocrates' three areas of classification for mental problems.
Term
Blood, Black Bile, Yellow Bile, and Phlem
Definition
The Four Bodily Humors
Term
When did Asylums first see widespread use?
Definition
The 15th and 16th centuries.
Term
Pinell
Definition
Man often given credit for ushering reform of how asylum patients were treated.
Term
Jean Babtiste
Definition
A former female asylum patients who was a proponent for the reform of how asylum patients were treated.
Term
1817
Definition
The earliest that real human treatment for the mentally ill began.
Term
Dorthea Dix
Definition
Proponent of moral treatment
Term
Insulin Induced Coma Therapy
Definition

People were given enough insulin to put them into a coma, as a form of treatment for severe illness. The idea was that if the body was put in a prolonged resting state, the body would heal itself. Some people claimed a high success rate, though this has not held up.

This was very dangerous, as it could easily kill the patient or result in a permanent coma.

Unfortunately, this was tried until around the fifties.

Term
Electro Convulsive Therapy
Definition

ECT sent electrical signals into the neural tissue of the brain. In patients that exhibit violent behavior, ECT tended to quell that violent behavior.

However, it tended to reduce patients to a zombielike state.

Got rid of basic personality along with violent tendencies, and could sometimes lead to death.

Often led to severe memory loss, problems in neurological functioning, speech, problems with sensory systems. This is because multiple electrical shocks can destroy neural tissue.

Term
Franz Anton Mesmer
Definition
The first to suggest psychological treatments for pyschological problems.

Mesmer believed psychological problems were caused by psychological imablances and could be solved by introducing a hypnotic state.

He practiced an early form of hypnotism.

Term
Hysteria
Definition

A very popular 19th century diagnosis for a psychological malady. It was regarded as gender-specific--females.

Not used as a diagnosis today.

Term
Charcot
Definition
Intrigued by Mesmer's use of hyptotism. He modeled his therapy after Mesmer's practices, but cut out the showmanship.
Term
Breuer
Definition
A physician from Vienna. He was Frued's mentor. His method of therapy was catharsis.
Term
Catharsis
Definition

A technique in which patients were allowed to, in a healthy, safe environment, release emotions related to a trauma they had experienced, that they had not been able to release before.

Modern studies now show that Catharsis does not work.

In fact, it may lead to more negative behavior.

It only relieves stress temporarily, without solving the root of the problem.

Term
Freud
Definition
The founder of the psychoanalytic school of thought.
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition

The precept is that outward behavioral problems are manifestations of underlying psychological issues. In order to fix the behaviors, you need to fix what is going on psychologically.

Term
Id
Definition

The id is driven by what Frued called the pleasure principle. It says "I want it, I need it, give it to me now."

Term
Superego
Definition

The superego is that force in the unconscious that helps to drive our sense of morality. The superego says "It is forbidden." It follows rules.

Term
Ego
Definition

The ego is in the middle. It wants moderation. It strikes a balance between the needs for pleasure from the id, and the need for rules from the superego.

Term
Carl Jung
Definition
Student of Freud who branched off and came up with his own theories. Proposed the "Collective Unconcious." Believed that

The individual is basically a good person. Thus, when the person is having psychological problems, his job is to put that person in a place where they can get back to where they want to be, which is a good person

Term
Neuroplasticity
Definition
Different regions of the brain are involved in the regulation of various behaviors. Because of this, in the event of damage, a different area of the brain can take over and help compensate for the affected area. However, it is not perfect.
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
Associated with logical thought and decision making
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
Serves as relay station in the brain, in the sense that a lot of the sensory information passes through the parietal lobe.
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
Generally implicated in the regulation of audition (hearing). Located just above the ears.
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
Generally thought to be involved in the regulation of sight.
Term
Ego Analysis
Definition
○ Keeps a lot of the same tenants as the classical Freudian psychoanalysis, save one major difference. Those who practice Ego Analysis place great importance on a person's ability to exert control over a situation. They wish to restore a patient's sense of control over situations that are problematic to them. A great many therapeutic approaches borrow this purpose of restoring a sense of control. This is the ego analysis school's legacy across the paradigms.
Term
Brief psychodynamic therapy
Definition
A newer therapeutic approach developed in the last 20-25 years. Mainly popular with busy businesspeople. The main goal is to get in, identify and solve the problem, and move on with your life. Not much time spent getting to "know oneself."
Term
Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm
Definition
Concentrates on the relation between thinking and emotion and behavior. It also tries to restore a sense of control. How you think about the situations you experience influences problems and feelings you might have.
Term
Aaron Beck
Definition
One of the big names in the Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm. Beck's paradigm emphasizes metacognition, or thinking about thinking. His basic idea is if he can increase the extent to which you are aware of your own thought patters, and can show you how your thought patters influence your behavior, then he can get you on the road to recovery.
Term
Albert Ellis
Definition
One of the big names in the Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm. He advocated Rational Emotive Therapy, a kind of training program for changing the way you think. For instance, by altering your thinking, a traumatic experience like a breakup will still hurt, but you'll get over it faster, and it won't hurt as long.
Term
Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychopathology
Definition
The onset of a psychopathological condition is determined by two different factors and how they interact.
1. Diathesis. Aka, predisposition, biology, etc.
2. Stress. A trigger event that is evocative enough that it brings the pathology to the surface.

Even if someone is predisposed, if a trigger never happens, they never develop the problem.
Predisposition AND environment are both important.
Term
Reliability
Definition
Consistency. Does not imply validity, or accuracy. A consistently wrong measurement is still a reliable one.
Term
Content validity
Definition
Whether or not the test accurately measures the content it says it's going to measure.
Term
Construct Validity
Definition
f a test has construct validity, it should be strongly related to that construct. If you have a depression test, it should have questions that reflect the theoretical construct of depression.

If you have construct validity, you should also have content validity.
Possible to have content validity and not construct validity.
Term
Criterion related validity
Definition
The idea is that your score on the test should equate to a skill set that you have. For example, a driver's test.
Term
DSM IV TR
Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for disorders. Classifies disorders along five axes.
Term
Axis 1 of the DSM IV TR
Definition
Diagnostic categories, such as basic deficit in motor skills.
Term
Axis 2 of the DSM IV TR
Definition
Mental retardation and personality disorders
Term
Axis 3 of the DSM IV TR
Definition
General Medical Conditions. Things your general practitioner could diagnose, but that still have psychological aspects, such as brain damage and phantom pain.
Term
Axes 4 of the DSM IV TR
Definition
Psychosocial and environmental
Term
Axis 5 of the DSM IV TR
Definition
Global Assessment. A catch-all category for problems that don't fit elsewhere.
Term
Clinical Interview
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. The clinician asks about the patient's problems, paying as much attention to how something is said as he does to what is said.
Term
Assessment of Stress
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. Can be done physiologically with blood pressure readings and cardiograms, or psychologically with questionnaires.
Term
Personality Tests
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. The most famous is the Big Five Personality Test. Asks a series of questions and then places you along a continuum in terms of where you fall in your personality traits.
Term
Intelligence Tests
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. Most famous is the IQ test.
Term
IQ Test
Definition
Gives you the ratio of mental age and chronological age. Multiply it by 100, which gives you your IQ score. An IQ score of 100 means your mental age and chronological age are the same. If your mental age is higher, you'll have a score over 100. Score of 100 is considered average IQ.
At least two problems with traditional IQ scores. In the US, every year the average IQ score has gone up slightly. This means the IQ score is not keeping up with society. It is also biased against the elderly, people outside of western cultures, and anyone that is not of school age. Traditional IQ testing, because it is age dependent, becomes obsolete after school age.
The Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was designed to deal with this problem.
Term
Behavioral and cognitive assessment
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. Problem solving exams. For example, the SAT, ACT, and other standardized tests.
Term
Neurobiological assessment
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. Includes brain scans, such as the PET and the CAT, and neurotransmitter assessment.
Term
Neuropyschological assessment
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. An example is the tactile performance test, which is an indirect way to test for brain damage.
Term
Psychophysiological assessment
Definition
A type of psychological assessment. Tracks bodily changes that occur during certain psychological events. ex. a stress test.
Term
The goals of the scientific approach
Definition
Measurement and description, Understanding and prediction, Application and control.
Term
Variable
Definition
Any measureable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Term
Theory
Definition
A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
Term
Experiment
Definition
Manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that changes in another variable can be observed.
Term
Independent variable (IV)
Definition
The variable that is being manipulated in an experiment.
Term
Dependent variable (DV)
Definition
The variable that is affected by the independent variable.
Term
Experimental group
Definition
subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
Term
Control group
Definition
Subjects similar to the experimental group, who do not receive the special treatment.
Term
Descriptive/correlative methods
Definition
Used when a researcher cannot use the experimental method. Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys.
Term
Positive Correlation
Definition
Both variables move in the same direction. This does not mean they are both going UP.
Term
Negative Correlation
Definition
The two variables move in opposite directions. When one goes up, the other goes down.
Term
Sampling Bias
Definition
○ Failure to use random sampling. All from one sub-population, so they don't look like the population as a whole.
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
What occurs when your control group actually improves similarly to the group that was manipulated.
Term
Social desirability bias
Definition
Instead of responding honestly, participants in a survey try to manipulate the survey to make themselves look better.
Term
Experimenter bias
Definition
Occurs because whoever is running the experiment changes something in their behavior between the control and experimental group. This is usually unconscious. They know what findings they want, and this changes how they act and how they see things.
Solved by a double-blind method.
Term
Thomas Kuhn
Definition
Coined the term "Paradigm."
Term
Genetic Paradigm
Definition
Since the early twentieth century, the approach to human behavior that focuses on both heritability of traits and complex interactions between genes and environment.
Term
Neuroscience paradigm
Definition
A broad theoretical view that holds that mental disorders are caused in part by some aberrant process directed by the brain.
Term
Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Definition
Central Freudian assumption that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual.
Term
Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm
Definition
General view that people can best be understood by studying how they percieve and structure their experiences and how this influences behavior.
Term
Paradigm
Definition
a set of ideas, a model of thought or thinking, about a particular area.
Term
Heritability
Definition
The extent to which traits that you have were passed from your ancestors, and the extent that you may pass certain traits that you have to your children.
Term
Behavioral genetics
Definition
That branch of the genetic paradigm which is interested in the extent to which individual differences in behavior can be linked to genetics. How much of the fact that people behave differently can be linked to their biology?
Term
Molecular genetics
Definition
○ Seeks to identify the genes that are responsible for the appearance of traits, including behavioral traits, in an individual.
Term
Neurons
Definition
Cells specialized for communication. The transmission of chemical messages.
Term
Parts of a neuron
Definition
Axon, Dendrite, and Soma or Cell Body
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
The chemicals that actually carry the messages.
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
A neurotransmitter linked to anxiety disorders.
Term
Dopamine
Definition
a neurotransmitter that has been linked with schizophrenia.
Term
Seratonin
Definition
A neurotransmitter linked to depression.
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
An early student of Frued. Came up with the theory of Individual Psychology and the idea of an inferiority complex.
Term
Individual Psychology
Definition
A theory developed by Adler. Emphasized striving for superiority. Fulfillment found by doing things for the social good. Important to work toward goals. Focused on changing patients' illogical and mistaken ideas and expectations. Feeling and behaving better depend on thinking more rationally.
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