Term
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Definition
| Logical fallacy-addressing the man instead of the issue |
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Term
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Definition
| democracy is basically a method for aking decisions. According to this minimalist definition of democracy a decision is democratic if it is made according to the criterion of the majority rule. Give power to eliter who have expertise and experience to make the right deecisions. |
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Definition
| Can't call a decision democratic just because it came out of a democratic process economy and society that reflect a democratic desire for equality and respect for desire. Citizen partisanship. |
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Definition
| if the competition is fair, everybody has an equal process |
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Definition
| if government treats everybody equally, the results still will be highly unequal because people will start the race from very different positions. Everyone also participates. Government must establish the conditions for equal participation |
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Definition
| People can't be entrusted with all government and responsibility |
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Definition
| Government and the Constitution place too many limits on people and they can solve problems through the democratic process |
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Term
| Federalist/Constituional perspective |
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Definition
| Supported the implementation of U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
| The chief threat to republican liberty comes, ironically, from the people themselves |
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Definition
| Large republic established by the Constitution will be run by aristocratic rulers who will eagerly expand their powers and oppress the common people |
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Term
| Federalism and Anti-Federalism compromise |
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Definition
| Found common ground in the Bill of Rights, however, their ideologies remained strong |
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Term
| Madison's view regarding parties and interest groups |
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Definition
| No political party or interest group can legitimately claim to represent the public interests |
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Term
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Definition
| James Madison's plea to lobby citizens to support a stronger central government |
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Term
| Anti-federalist paper, Brutus |
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Definition
| Feels the Constitution leaves out state intervention because of the amount of Congressional oversight obligations |
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Definition
| Institution that has the authority to make decisions that are binding on everyone |
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Definition
| Power to authoritatively allocate values can be vested in a single person, which creates a form of government |
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Term
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Definition
| Second form power an be vested in a small group of people, a government called |
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Term
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Definition
| Broadly share power among all citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| Belonging to ALL citizens distribution of political power |
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Term
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Definition
| Fifty percent plus ONE of all eligible citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| Fifty percent plus one of all those who vote |
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Term
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Definition
| Fifty percent plus one of all those who vote |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual preferences are given equal weight |
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Term
| What is guranteed in the U.S.? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| each individual should receive the same amount regardless of Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Democratic societies reconcile political equality with social ad economic equality |
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Term
| ONE basic form of democracy |
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Definition
| Direct democracy; citizens are the principle decision makers (ex: Athens, Greece) |
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Term
| ONE basic form of decmocarcy |
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Definition
| Form of democracy practiced in nations such as Great Britain and the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| Legal authority to wield coercive power to allocate values. Only institution is society to make and enforce laws, and decide reprocussions; politics is universal, but different types of government, different sources of sovereignty |
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Term
| Sovereignty is what to a nation |
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Definition
| Juice for government, source of power |
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Term
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Definition
| King, queen, dictator is the only uses of sovereign power, ex) absolute monarchy |
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Definition
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Definition
| Power vested in a small group or committee "the elite" most people are shut out in an oligarchy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Majority rule, political equality can produce under democratic process-political freedom |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow, right to vote, publicly disagree with government decisions, supports political party, all citizens have the right to vote |
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Term
| Three core principles of democracy |
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Definition
| Majority rule, political freedom, political equality; |
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Term
| First core principle of democracy |
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Definition
| Majority rule-all of these principles must be met in process and substance to fulfill promise of democracy; PROBLEM-these principles often represent conflicting values |
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Term
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Definition
| Fifty percent plus one of a citizens, just another person |
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Term
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Definition
| Fifty percent plus one who VOTES |
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Term
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Definition
| Regardless of majority, whoever has more votes at end of election |
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Term
| Three core principles must... |
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Definition
| be balanced with minority rights; Founding Fathers protected minorities from majorities |
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Term
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Definition
| Howe "WE" exerise our rights in government |
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Term
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Definition
| Equality under the law, social status and class equality, economic equality, equality of opportunity |
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Term
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Definition
| Citizens are government, decide process and outcoes-REFERENDUM-ballot proposals-Not United States-rejected by Founding Fathers |
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Term
| Flaws with direct democracy |
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Definition
| Requires large contribution from citizens and can be manipulated by demagogs and elite |
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Term
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Definition
| Popular sovereignty is indirectly achieved through a representative western democracy (liberal democracy) "liberites of individuals" |
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Term
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Definition
| Small groups, uneducated public, majorite dominance, voting only |
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Term
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Definition
| All citizens, educated public, minority representation, political involvement |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental individual rights are in violate and citizeens possess a universal right to participate in collective decisions |
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Term
| Challenges to American democracy |
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Definition
| Diversity and difference, dynamics, ideology and participation, false consensus |
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Term
| How to succeed in a democracy |
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Definition
| Accurately manage diversity and difference |
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Term
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Definition
| The conflicts by democracy are shaped by a constantly changing backdrop |
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Term
| Ideology and partisanship |
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Definition
| Ideology is a consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the apropriate role of government in society |
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Term
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Definition
| Favor the status quo, change should respect laws and traditions of society |
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Term
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Definition
| Believe individual libert is the most important value, people should be free to express themselves and live as they please |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewed as a psychological attachment to a political party |
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Term
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Definition
| Americans tend to believe that their views are NORMAL or COMMON SENSE and, tehrefore, are shared by most people |
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Term
| Pluralistic-political system |
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Definition
| Power is fragmented and distributed widely among diverse groups and interests |
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Term
| Criticisms of American democracy |
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Definition
| Some argue that the American system is ELITIST the sense that organized, influential minorities, checked neither by one another nor by the general populace-dominate the political process |
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Term
| Bottom line of American democracy |
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Definition
| Living up to the promise means upholding three core principles in process and substance |
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Term
| Federalist and anti-federalist perception explanation |
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Definition
| Believe humans naturally are going to be incompetent when it comes to anything, however, the anti-federalists believe human nature is the solution to democratic problems and we should leave the government out. Ideologies and natural partisanship will set in along with a false consensus of public policy. Because Brutus believes the constitution restricts the people too much and under the right circumstances, humans will make the correct decisions. Brutus would probably appeal to people more, but Madison seems to try and be more logical and appealing to a larger faction of minorities than Brutus. |
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Term
| Federalism and anti-federalism perception regarding citizen involvement |
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Definition
Federalists-voting and voting only
Anti-Federalists-Would probably be happy with a direct democracy or something that is in correlation to it. |
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Term
| United States Constitution |
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Definition
| Operating instructions for the republic |
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Term
| What does the U.S. Constitution do? |
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Definition
| Delineates powers, sets down basic principles that govern a political system, establishes what government can and can't do as well as the foundation states fundamental philosophy, literally: operating instructions for a nation |
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Term
| Citizen reaction and interaction regarding U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
| Majority of Americans strongly supportive of the constitution. Majority of Americans have never read it, nor studied it. Most citizens of U.S. know little about the politics that produced the constitution and the arguments and objectives of our Founding Fathers |
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Term
| Origins of U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
| NOT a product of the Revolutionary War. Articles of Confederation was the first constitution. The U.S. Constitution was drafted from 1776-1777, it was approved in 1787 |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| First constitution; weak national government, strong states. Federal government had a unicameral legislature, no independent executive, no real judiciary, and no power to tax. States had own currencies, armies (9 had their own navies), levied own taxes, even on interstate commerce. |
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Term
| Problems with Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| Weak central government created big problems. Central government relied upon states for revenue, and risked default. Feds could not regulate interstate or foreign commerce. Federal government could raise army/navy but couldn't guarantee it could pay its troops or keep its word to allies (too dependent on states). Form of government was confederal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Businessman; professionals, mostly urban. Wanted a stronger central government. |
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Term
| Who were Anti-Federalists? |
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Definition
| Farmers, laborers. Didn't want a stronger national government. Loyal to states, feared power of strong national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1786-meeting in Marylnd to discuss trade. Federalists used meeting to call for a reworking of Articles of Confederation |
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Term
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Definition
| Armed insurrection in 1786-1787; federal troops called in to crash rebellion. Scared a lot of people, including George Washington, who saw real possibility of United States dissolving |
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Term
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Definition
Began in May 1787 (some strugglers didn't make it until July, some didn't show up at all). Most who did show up were federalists.
First order of business: Make George Washington president of convention. Abandon legal mandate to reform Articles of Confederation. Do this all in secrecy! |
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Definition
| Father of the Constitution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Father of who knows who, was NOT at convention |
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Term
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Definition
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| Guve Nemaris and Roger Sherman |
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Definition
| Authors of "We the people", and many such phrases in the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Let smart people handle things |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT at Constitutional Convention |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT at Constitutional Convention |
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Term
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Definition
| "I smelled a rat"-author; wasn't at Constitutional Convention |
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Term
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Definition
| Constitution based in a number of pervious legal and philosophical arguments, as well as contemporary events |
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Term
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Definition
| Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation; Agreed-stronger central government. Disagreed-how to get goals. Agreed-Luther Martin is a drunk. Disagreed-how to stop Luther Martin |
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Term
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Definition
| House and Senate based on population; set tone and agenda at convention. Favored big states |
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Term
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Definition
| Favored small states, structured government |
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Term
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Definition
| Roger Sherman-broke impasse; population elected house, senate approved by state legislature |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanted slaves for population, but not for taxation purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Wants opposite of southerners |
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Definition
| Constitutionally made slaves three-fifths of a person |
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Term
| Guve Nemaris and Roger Sherman |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Believed nation rests on compromise |
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Term
| Outcome of Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| Met in secret, agreed on essentials, however, disagreed on details |
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Term
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Definition
| Was a bruising, nasty political battle |
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Term
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Definition
| Bough out John Hancock for election for support for president |
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Term
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Definition
| State legislature used a mob to ensure a state convention was called. Even with all the shenanigans, the constitution just barely was approved |
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Term
| Constitutional ratification |
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Definition
| Thirty-nine delegates signed constitution on September 17, 1787. Jiggered rules in ratification. Ignored unanimous consent in Articles of Confederation. Specified state conventions (not state legislatures) as ratifying bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Supported Constitution and why we should support it |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexander Hamilton, John J., James Madison |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Union falling apart. Difficulty establishing weak and strong central government in regards to individual liberty |
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Term
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Definition
| People united by some common impulse of passions, or of interests. Adverse to the rights of citizens. Key to solving the Madisonian dilemma, how do you control them????? |
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Term
| Two options to Madisonian dilemma |
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Definition
| Remove causes-impossible, and even if possible, repugnant. Control effects of factions |
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Term
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Definition
| Ways to deal with Madisonian dilemma. Mixed government. Repressents different constituencies. Divided powers (Federalism), different branches, differentialists. Separation of powers-each branch/level responsible for different portion of political process |
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Term
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Definition
| Have government that is accessible in many forms. Have a government that has a hard time doing anything, everyone can stick in their two cents. Have a government unlikely to be controlled factions that will check and balance its own excesses. This results in a government more likely to preserve core principles of democracy. |
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Term
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Definition
| How to formally change constitution: proposing amendments (requires 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress, this is the only method used to date). National convention called by congress at the request of 2/3 of the states. |
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Term
| Political Parties involvement on constitution |
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Definition
| Ballot initiatives can informally change constitution |
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Term
| The Constitution itself... |
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Definition
| Great political engineering; not perfect! Formal and informal changes to means constitution has evolved so the performance and promise of democracy are equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which regional governments share power with the national government |
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Term
| Basic promise of Federalism |
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Definition
| To preserve the right of the states to be autonomous and individual governments |
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Term
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Definition
| States are sovereign governments. Accountable to their own citizens, not national governments |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which the central government is not sovereign. Federal government only act through the states. Ex.) The E.U. and U.N. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only the national government is sovereign states are subordinate to federal government. Each level of government is granted power directly by the consitution. States cannot leave union voluntarily. States have to approve changes in constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanted unitary government. Federal system only good solution because states were equal partners in sovereignty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal government and state government have equal powers. Helped manage conflict, helped states manage political interests, and similar interests within states, federal government used states for policy experiimentation. |
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Term
| Disadvantages of federalism |
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Definition
| Faction can easily gain control |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it prohibited by state and federal government? |
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Term
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Definition
| States must uphold each others contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| Criminals being tried where crime was committed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Roger B. Taney-state and federal government are independent and sovereign powers. Each has its own jurisdiction. |
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Term
| Cooperative federalism-fiscal federalism |
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Definition
| Sets priorities and provides money and then gives moeny to states to implement it |
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Term
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Definition
| Usurping power; central government being fiscally responsible when they hand out money to states |
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Term
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Definition
| Less fiscal federalism and fiscal federalism |
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Term
| The Great Recession of 2008-2009 |
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Definition
| Wiped out new federalism; states were saved by ARRA-more power in federal hands |
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Term
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Definition
| Devolving power back to states using federal government power |
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Definition
| Basic freedoms; Bill of Rights |
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Definition
| Equality before the law; power distribution of civil liberties |
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Definition
| Systematicallty disenfranchising African Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| Enfranchising African Americans |
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Definition
| Trumps political freedom/equality |
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Term
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Definition
| Liberties and rights change |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Should government make up for past inequalities? |
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Definition
| Answer: Affirmative Action |
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Term
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Definition
| Strict interpretation of the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Politically oriented organization with common passions or interests who make demands on other in society with respect to those interests. New benefits, deep current benefits. |
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Definition
| Legitimately uses coercive power |
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Term
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Definition
| For material, solidarity, and purposive benefits |
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Definition
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Term
| Overcoming "free rider" problem |
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Definition
| Utilize government and select benefits; uses peer pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Size in numbers/membership, money, leadership, expertise, lobbying in groups, professional lobbyists, direct and indirect lobbying, contact with the public official |
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Term
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Definition
| Logrolling-exchange of support between two groups; shaping public opinion-get non-members lobbying on their behalf. Campaign support and lobbying in court. |
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Term
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Definition
| Run government, special interest groups do not! |
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Term
| No application in U.S. for... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Formal or centralzed; heirarchical organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| Political parties; Washington warned against their "baneful effects" |
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Term
| Functions of political parties |
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Definition
1. Aggregators; act as intermediaries between citizens and government
2. Recruit and run candidates for office
3. Contest electiions and mobilize voters
4. Organize governmentt
5. Act as agents of accountability, especially in minority power |
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Term
| General types of party systems |
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Definition
One party system: China, Mexico
Multi-party system: Italy, Israel
Two party system: U.S., U.K.
Representative democraciies use two/multi-party systems |
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Term
| U.S. has had two party system since constitution; however, these parties still exist and are somewhat powerful: |
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Definition
| Socialist, socialist labor, communist, populist, states rights democratic, green |
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Term
| Two DOMINANT party system |
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Definition
| Rules of the race, fed/anti-fed., north south, red state vs. blue state, socialization, reps and dems write election laws! |
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Term
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Definition
| Communist, libertarian, green reform |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Decided 2000 general election |
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Term
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Definition
| Split of Republican party by Teddy Roosevelt-against large business |
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Term
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Definition
| government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. |
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Term
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Definition
| supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community. |
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Term
| 3 core democratic principles |
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Definition
| Majority rule, political freedom, political equality |
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