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EXAM 1
Homeostasis/Cellular Signaling/PM Transport/Resting Membrane Potential/Nerve Function/Skeletal & Smoothe Muscle/Blood Components/Immunology
40
Physiology
Graduate
06/05/2010

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Cards

Term
What is a condition that does not change with time, has no net gain/loss of a substance, and can refer to a single or several compartments?
Definition

 

 

 

 

Steady State

Term
What term descibes the situation where opposing forces are balanced, no net transfer of a substance, requires no energy, and describes the relationship between at least 2 adjacent compartments?
Definition

 

 

 

Equilibrium

Term
When a variable is sensed, info is fed back to a controller, and an effector acts to oppose change, this is called?
Definition

 

 

 

Negative Feedback

Term
What is an exaple of Negative Feedback that includes a regulated variable, sensor, controller, set point, feedback signal, and an effector?
Definition
Thermostatic control of room temperature. the room temp=regulated variable, which is subject to disturbances. The thermometer=sensor, in the thermostat=controller, which detects room temp.  The thermostat is set to a specific term=set point.  The controller then compares actual temp with the set point=feedback signal and activates the furnace/AC=effector to correct the temperature.
Term
What protein channels in the PM of cells allow for the flow of ions and small molecules between the cytosol of neighboring cells?
Definition

 

 

 

Gap Junctions

Term
What are second messengers?
Definition
A protein or hormone transmit and amplify the first messenger signal to signaling pathways inside the cell
Term
What equation gives the values of the electrical potential difference needed for a specific ion to be at equilibrium?
Definition

 

 

 

Nernst Equation

Term
What are phospholipd molecules?
Definition
They are molecules with long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxyl terminal group.
Term
Which part of a phospholipd molecule is hydrophilic and which part is hydrophobic?
Definition
The hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic and the carboxyl terminal group is hydrophilic
Term
Phospholipids make up what structure? And the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties make this structure what?
Definition

 

 

 

Cell membrane-->Lipid bilayer;amphipatic

Term
What term describes the concentrations of solutes that do NOT penetrate/enter the cell?
Definition

 

 

 

Tonicity

Term
Tonicity determines what?
Definition

 

 

 

Cell Volume

Term
A chemical is liberated from a cell and diffuses a short distance through the extracellular fluid to act on nearby cells, what type of signaling does this describe?
Definition
Paracrine (this affects the immediate environment and bind with high specificity to cell receptors on the plasma membrane of receiving cells)
Term
A cell releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular fluid that binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell that secreted it, this is what type of signaling?
Definition
Autocrine (this acts as a local hormone)
Term
What type of signaling provides for rapid communication between body parts with conduction times measured in milliseconds?
Definition

 

 

 

Nervous Signaling

Term
What type of signaling uses slower and more diffuse communication and involves the release of a hormone into the bloodstream and the binding of the hormone to specific target cell receptors?
Definition
Endocrine Signaling
Term
What type of signaling involves the release of a hormone from a nerve cell and the transport of the hormone by the blood to distant target cells?
Definition
Neuroendocrine Signaling
Term
What kind of specialized nerve cells convert neural signals into hormonal signals?
Definition
Neuroendocrine Cells
Term
True or False, many neurotransmitters are also considered hormones.
Definition

 

 

 

TRUE

Term
What protein molecules influence cell division, differentiation, and cell survival?
Definition

 

 

 

Growth Factor

Term
What type of growth factor enhances nerve cell development and stimulates the growth of axons?
Definition

 

 

 

Nerve

Term
What type of growth factor stimulates the growth of epithelial cells in the skin and other organs?
Definition

 

 

 

Epidermal

Term
What type of growth factor stimulates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells?
Definition

 

 

 

Platelet-derived

Term
What type of growth factor stimulates the proliferation of a wide variety of cells and mediate many of the effects of growth hormone?
Definition

 

 

 

Insuline-like

Term
True or False, active transport does not require the use of metabolic energy.
Definition
FALSE, active transport does not happen without ATP
Term
What is the most abundant ion pump in higher organisms?
Definition

Sodium-potassium pump

aka: Na+/K+ ATPase

Term
In the Na+/K+ ATPase, does this pump leave more sodium or potassium inside the cell?
Definition

 

 

 

Potassium

Term
Where is the Calcium pump typically found?
Definition
Plasma Membrane (PM), Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Membrane, Muscle Cells, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) Membrane
Term
Once Calcium has been pumped into a cell via the Ca++ATPase, where does it go?
Definition
Extracellular Space or Lumen of Organelles
Term
Is Ca++ in high or low concentration in the cytosol?
Definition
Low
Term
What type of ATPase is the Calcium pump?
Definition

 

 

 

P-type

Term
What is done by stimulating or opening Potassium channels causing water to leave the cell and decrease the number of particles in the cytosol?
Definition

 

 

 

Regulatory Volume Decrease

Term
What 3 regions make up a tyrosine kinase receptor?
Definition
A hormone-binding region which is exposed to the extracellular space, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail domain.
Term
What are the agonists that bind to tyrosine kinase receptors?
Definition

 

 

 

Hormones and Growth Factor

Term
The signaling cascades generated by the activationof tyrosine kinase receptors can result in what?
Definition
Amplification of gene transcription and transcription of genes involved in growth, cellular differentiation, and movements.
Term
What are the steps in signaling of a tyrosine kinase receptor?
Definition

1) agonist binds to extracellular receptor

2) the binding causes 2 agonist bound receptors to dimerize triggering the associated tyrosine kinases to activate

3) the activated TKs phosphorylate tyrosine residues present in the perviously formed dimer to fully activate the receptor

4) these "active" tyrosine residues now serve as "docking sites" for additionaly signaling molecules(which contain the SH2 domain

5) the binding of these SH2 domain containing molecules will signal pathways which lead to gene transcription

Term
What are proteins that cause vesicles to dock and bind to the presynaptic terminal membane?
Definition
SNARES
Term
What 2 places are SNARES found?
Definition
Vesicles (vSNARES) and the nerve terminal membrane (tSNARES)
Term
What are examples of toxins that disrupt the function of SNAREs which prevent synaptic transmission?
Definition
Tetanus and Botulism toxins
Term
Why do the toxins blocking SNARE function cause devastating effects?
Definition
Failure of neurotransmission between neurons and the muscles involved in breathing result in respiratory failure
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