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| the love of wisdom and the pursuit of truth |
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| 3 Stages of Socrates' questioning |
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1. Make you feel smart
2. make you feel important
3. Show they are both ignorant |
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| spirituality first and rational second |
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democracy frist, and spirituality second
modern science, democracy, |
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| Postmodernism (1950 - present) |
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Definition
Myth & spritutality understood symbolically
relativism/multicultralism; selective sue of reason |
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| any natural means of discovering truth (the mind & the 5 sences) OR logic.math, innate ideas |
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| What Pyrro believes of Skepticism |
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Definition
| all arguements are unconvincing (hung jury) |
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| Sextus Empiricus' view of Skepticism |
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Definition
| the problem of the critieron (something you use to judge a fact). |
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| A.C. Greyling's vies of Skepticism |
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| moderate view but not radical. If you claim to not know nothing you are contradicting yourself. |
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Term
| Levels of Proof/ Certanity |
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Definition
1. intuition: mental sense-weakest
2. reasonable suspicision: enough to investigate but not to prove
3. perponderance of evidence: 51% favor to one side
4. beyond a reasonable doubt: majority of teh evidence
5. absolute certanity |
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| Plato's Levels of Reality |
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Definition
the Good (goodness)
truth, beauty, rationality (forms)
personhood/personality (concept)
person (object)
shadow (image) |
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| House of knowledge metaphor |
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Definition
| that all of our knowledge is based on a foundation of absoulte certanity and built up from that point |
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1. material: what it is made of
2. formal: the blueprint
3. efficient: the source of change
4. final: the purpose |
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| simplest but adejuate explanation is best |
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| John Locke's view of Empiricism |
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| born with clean slate and bring data in with our senses |
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| size, shape, quanity, & motion |
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| objective: taste, sound, color |
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| George Berkley's view of Empiricism |
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Definition
| matter is spiritual and everything is preceptions |
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| Emmanuel Kant's view of Epistemology |
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Definition
| Incorporates both senses & understanding. We are born with something in our mind that allows us to create beliefs and causation. |
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| individual experience, common human experience, and success of modern science |
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| wholeistic appraoch: both innate & sensory |
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non-physical characteristics (logic, value, ect.)
human spirituality & intuition
near-death experiences |
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Definition
neuroscience
sustance abuse
dementia
brain damage & personality change
mental substance |
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| Christopher Evans view of Ontology |
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Definition
machines can think
implies: thinking is only processing data & communicating |
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| no reality: nothing is real and nothing matters |
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| mind and body interect with one another |
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| there are mutiple realities |
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| re study of being/essence |
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Reasoning from the specific to the general
examples, analogies, authoritative testimony, & statistics |
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| 2 true premises that lead to a 1 valid conclusion |
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Definition
A, not A, adn the excluded middle.
Can only be one or the other. |
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Definition
| Two statements that cannot be both true and might be false (either one or the other) |
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| Circular Reasoning Fallacy |
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Definition
| There is no conclusion. (the bible is the word of God) |
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Definition
| Loaded question; question is faulty |
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| Death by a thousand Qualifications Fallacy |
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Definition
| "best student" gives false impression; could have 3 students |
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| Oversimplification Fallacy |
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Definition
| Does not show other contributing factors |
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| Suppressed Alternatives Fallacy |
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Definition
| "Either/or fallacy"; gives no other option thatn what is there |
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| clain that when you have a contradiciton one has to be right & one not right |
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| generalizing everything based on one thing. "Hitler was evil, so nothing he said was true" |
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| Appeal to Authority Fallacy |
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| Using someone with a specialty to give reasoning; regardless if the subect is thier specialty. |
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| Assume things; no certanity in the consequences (speed limit) |
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| Begging the Question Fallacy |
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Definition
| never answers the question; coincedence (death menalty and deterance) |
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| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy ("After this, therefore because of this") |
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Definition
| happenstance situations, coincedence & does not explain the cause |
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| Misrepresents anothers view as to eaily discredit it |
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| Instead of dealing with the person's character you attack the person's character |
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| a statement that contradicts or undermines itself: "there are no absolutes" |
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we all have innate ideas; need to use questions to discover the truth.
mautic: realted to mid wife |
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| question but some knowledge; "trust but verify" |
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