Term
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Definition
| Monera, Metaphyta, Metazoa, Protista, Fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotic organisms such as blue green algae and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Based largely on molecular studies, a bacteria-like group; It is composed of microorganisms specifically evolved to live under very extreme conditions may become a new kingdom. These have no nucleus or organelles, and were previously considered to be in Monera |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants; Multicellular plants including vascular and nonvascular forms. Some authors place algae in this Kingdom |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals; Multicellular animals including Parazoa (sponges) and other metazoan animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple , single-celled eucaryotes such as protozoan |
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Term
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Definition
| Various fungal species including yeast, mushrooms, rusts, smuts, sac fungi, puffballs, molds, mildews, and slime molds |
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Term
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Definition
body cavity type (no body cavity at all!): ectoderm -> various tissues (mesoderm) -> endoderm (gut); organs have direct contact with epithelium; Blastocoel fills up with mesoderm in form of muscle fibers, parenchyma, and other tissues.
Ex: flatworm |
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Term
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Definition
"false cavity": organs held together loosely but no organization; blastocoel persists in adults leaving a space between the digestive tract and the body wall. The mesoderm separates from the endoderm and connects to the body wall in the form of longitudinal muscles and connective tissue
Ex: roundworm |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of the gut; accomplished in various ways and initiates the formation of the germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm); results in two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm; if a gastrocoel is present it is the primordium of the digestive tract and the blastopore may be the embryonic mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| body cavity type of most vertebrates; have complete lining called peritonium to suspend organs in particular order; Secondary body cavity. This is a cavity in the endomesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which some animal embryos develop; As the mesoderm develops, the coelom develops as a split in the mesoderm (most Protostomia) |
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Term
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Definition
| a coelomic cavity; the mesoderm arises as outpockets from the primitive gut (archenteron). These pockets become cut off in the blastocoel; their cavity is the coelom, their walls the mesoderm (Deuterostomia) |
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Term
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Definition
| clade of animals that retain blastopore as mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| superphylum of animals; mouth does not arise from blastopore, instead it becomes anus |
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Term
| 2 major types of associations (relationships) |
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Definition
| Homospecific (Intraspecific): ass. b/t members of the same species (Ex: competition, peck orders, social behaviors); Heterospecific (Interspecific): Ass. b/t members of diff species (Ex: predator-prey ass., competition, symbiosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sym – together and Bios – life or living – meaning living together; a heterospecfic relationship (association), obligate or not, and is generally composed of three forms; commensalism, mutualism and parasitism. The word was coined by DeBarry, 1879 |
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Term
| major forms of symbiotic associations |
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Definition
| commensalism; mutualism; parasitism |
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Term
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Definition
cum (with), mensa (table); meaning eating at the same table; heterospecific ass., not obligatory, often for shelter, defense or food getting; defined as regular & close heterospecific ass. in which 1 partner (commensal) gains some benefit while other partner (host) not benefitted but also not disadvantaged; derives some physical shelter from host & there is not metabolic dependence of commensal on its host
Ex: ciliated protozoan - clam colonial coelenterate - tubeworms sea anenome - hermit crab |
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Term
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Definition
meaning both equally. It is defined as a bilaterally advantageous heterospecific association where both partner (the mutuals) are metabolically dependent on each other. This is usually an obligate relationship
Ex: green hydra - green algae giant clam - green algae medical leech - pseudomonas hirudenis flagellate - woodroach |
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Term
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Definition
Older definitions were generally based on harm. It is currently defined as an intimate heterospecific association, temporary or permanent, where there exists some metabolic dependence of one partner, the parasite, on the other partner, the host. If harmful, the parasite is said to be pathogenic. Metabolic dependence may be in the form of nutritional materials, digestive enzymes, developmental stimuli, imaturation control, etc
Ex: sheep liver fluke - cattle/sheep unionid clam - a variety of fish trichinella spiralis - man/pigs/rodents |
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Term
| Why are parasites important to man? |
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Definition
| Human or Medical parasites. Humans are the host for over 100 species of parasites, not counting bacteria, viruses or fungi. Schistosoma mansoni (human blood fluke) reported in the United States each year and about 3,000 cases of malaria. As a rule these cases are imported and not contracted in the United States |
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Term
| “Modern” Conservation Biology/Environmental Movement |
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Definition
| Although the start of the “modern” conservation biology/ environmental science movement is usually considered to be only some 50 to 60 years ago, this phenomena has had a long history |
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Term
| 1st written law about wild animals |
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Definition
| Deuteronomy 22:6 - Moses decrees that breeding stocks should be saved |
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Term
| 1st clear record of game mgmt |
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Definition
| Marco Polo described game laws of Kublai Khan in Mongol Empire (4 mgmt activities) 1. harvest restrictions to allow spp to increase & multiply 2. est of food plots 3. winter feeding 4. cover control |
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Term
| early European attitudes about hunting/mgmt |
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Definition
| "sport of kings" by 1350 AD; laws for closed seasons; many authority figures made poaching punishable by death or loss of body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| late 1400's - early 1500's; John Cabot & Newfoundland's abundance of fish, trees, etc.; heavy fishing of America's coasts; 350-400 fishing vessels visited the east coast of Canada and U.S. in the early 1500s; from Columbus landfall in the Caribbean until the ill-fated Jamestown colony (1608) only one European had traveled more than 5 miles inland |
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Term
| earliest signs of overexploitation |
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Definition
| 1597 up thru 1800s; Russians decimated sea otter pop; caused drastic reductions/extinctions of marine animals (Steller's sea cow); Our human population jumped from 17 million in 1840 to 32 million in 1860 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1800's - early 1900's; birds & mammals - food, feathers, & pulleys; fur industry (most valuable export); "mad hatter" - mercury exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| Teddy Roosevelt in 1903 signed executive order declaring Pelican Island in FL the 1st federal bird sanctuary - eventually declared 51 sites as sanctuaries |
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Term
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Definition
| 15-ton schooner destroyed by great hurrican of 1886. had arrived in Matagorda Bay to "hunt sea gulls for their plumage, used in milinery"; had secured ~600 birds before hurricane. Ex of Market Hunting |
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Term
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Definition
| journal "Science" documented in 1886 the extreme exploitation of these birds in the south |
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Term
| the destination of many "market hunting" birds |
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Definition
| Restaurants; In TX, a single hunter sold over 120,000 American robins to restraunts |
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Term
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Definition
| considered 1 of most abundant birds in NA in early 1800s; a century later the species was extinct; heavily exploited for restaraunts, laid one egg only, young were considered delicacy |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary numbers to maintain stimulation for reproduction; pop may have higher pop growth rate at a pop density above min numbers (undercrowding can be serious to optimal pop maintenance) |
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Term
| 3 races of American prairie chicken species & advantages/disadvantages to 3 populations |
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Definition
| 1. Greater Prarie-chicken (midwest) 2. Heath Hen (east coast - now extinct) 3. Attwater Prarie-chicken (LA to S. TX); "not all eggs in same basket"; prime example of Allee effect (b/c numbers are too low to reignite the pop numbers and growth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Passenger Pigeon; Labrador Duck; Heath Hen; Carolina Parakeet; Great Auk |
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Term
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Definition
| original pop 60 mill; dropped to 150 in 1889; tongues considered delicacy in eastern restaurants; Buffalo Bill Cody once killed 200 in sincle day; hides had many uses to the Native Americans and some factories (pulleys, machine belts, etc.); 3-5 shot for every hide that reached market |
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Term
| Fisheries in America before creation of Fisheries Agencies |
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Definition
| charters of many of the early colonies granted fishing and hunting rights on public lands to all citizens of the colony. striped bass and Atlantic cod were some of the first spp managed. 1791, Secretary of State T. Jefferson asked Congress to support the Massachusetts salt cod and whale oil industries so that they could better compete with subsidized foreign fishing fleets. |
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Term
| Masachusetts Fish Commission |
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Definition
| 1st state fisheries conservation agency (1856); in response to depletion of anadromous & coastal fish stocks |
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Term
| U.S. Office of the Fish Commissioner |
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Definition
| (1871) 1st federal fisheries conservation position; Spencer Baird was the 1st to hold this position |
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Term
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Definition
| anadromous fish species; highly desirable food & sport fish in New England & the Atlantic Maritime Provinces of Canada; few native runs persist |
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Term
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Definition
| means that adults return to coastal streams to breed & offspring swim out into ocean to mature; adults die after spawning |
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Term
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Definition
| fish which spawns in ocean & returns to freshwater streams to mature; Ex: American eel |
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Term
| 6 species of Pacific Salmonids |
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Definition
| chinook, sockeye, pink, coho, chum salmon, & steelhead |
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Term
| conditions for salmon harvest in Western NA |
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Definition
| Alaskan harvest robust; W Coast of U.S. declined precipitously due to hydropower & flood-control dams |
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Term
| How can the impacts caused by dams be mitigated? |
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Definition
| (1) water-release schedules that enhance conditions for migration and passage at dams. (2) an expansive hatchery system to supplement depleted wild stocks. (3) a program to capture wild and hatchery-derived smolts and barge them past most of the dams blocking their migration. (4) population-control programs directed at the northern squawfish (predator) to reduce mortality of migrating smolts caused by predators. |
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Term
| Fishery exploitation in TX |
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Definition
| by late 1870s apparent that state's fishery resources required protection; Joseph Dinkins 1st fish commissioner (1879); intro of European/German Carp into American waters ("brain food"); commission abolished in 1885 b/c of corruption |
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Term
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Definition
| late 1800s - thriving turtle fishery green turtle for "turtle soup"; turtle canneries in Corpus Christi, Chocolate Bayou, & Port Isabell; by 1908 sea turtle landing virtually ended |
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Term
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Definition
| Pronghorn antelope; bison; elk; white-tailed deer; wild turkey; trumpeter swans; whooping crane; wood duck |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of most beautiful ducks (birds) in NA; plentiful in late 1800s but by late 1920s its extinction was predicted; benefited from Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918; several hundred nest boxes erected (specifically designed for wood ducks - standard mgmt technique used today); once again 2nd or 3rd most abundant duck |
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Term
| Migratory Bird Treaty Act |
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Definition
| 1918; The statute makes it unlawful to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill or sell birds listed therein ("migratory birds") |
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Term
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Definition
| near extinction from slaughter (late 1800s - mid 1900s); hunting licenses 1st issued in 1909 w/ 5,000 being sold; 6 game wardens hired to patrol state in 1919; by 1941 pop was too high so hunting increased |
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Term
| earliest conservation in America |
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Definition
| Rhode Island 1st colony to est regulation on harvest of wildlife, protecting deer (1639); all 12 colonies had conservation laws by time of American Rev. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st conservationist; "Notes on the State of VA"; 3rd President of U.S.; experimented w/ crop rotation & contour plowing on his farm In 1791, as Secretary of State, asked Congress to support the Massachusetts salt cod and whale oil industries so that they could better compete with subsidized European fishing vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Walden" - man's relat. to nature; gave up life in society to live in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| explorer of wilderness; glacier in Alaska named after him; his doggedness produced the Yosemite National Park (1890); most famous monument is Muir Woods (Redwood Forest in CA's Coast Range near San Fransisco); founder of the Sierra Club in 1892; believed in the restorative power of the wilderness; preservation key to survival of wilderness |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st American trained in forestry; governor of Pennsylvania; strong supporter of Teddy Roosevelt; appt chief of Division of Forestry in 1898 (later became U.S. Forest Service w/in U.S. Dept of Agricultre) believed strongly that forests were not to be preserved, but actively manipulated by scientifically informed experts to improve and sustain yields.His ideas were in opposition to those of Muir. "Forestry IS Tree Farming"; Conservation = the "Wise use of natural resources" |
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Term
| beginnings of public involvement |
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Definition
| American Fish Culture Association (1870 - later renamed American Fisheries Society); Boone & Crockett Club; sportsman's journal Forest and Stream (1873); American Ornithologists' Union (1883); Audubon Society (1886) As a result of the first meeting of the AOU, the first federal wildlife agency was established in 1885 as the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy in the Department of Agriculture. |
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Term
| 3 conservation "movements in America |
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Definition
| 1. 1920s-early 1930s (realized buffalo, passenger pigeon, & white-tailed deer almost extinct) 2. 1960s (loss of habitat & wildlife, pollution) 3. end of 20th c (reawakenting of 2nd mvmt) |
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Term
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Definition
| father of Wildlife Management; wrote famous book "Game Management" in 1933; "Sand County Almanac"; died in forest fire |
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Term
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Definition
| FDR appointed him Chief of the Biological Survey; The Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge is named in his honor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 26th president of the U.S., he brought the idea of “conservation through wise use” to the American public; Considered the grandfather of wildlife mgmt; recognized the landscapes, waters, vegetation, and animals as entire ecosystems.; created the U.S. Forest Service and the Boone & Crockett Club; established the first federal bird sanctuary at Pelican Island, Florida |
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Term
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Definition
| naturalist, author, and artist; wrote The Birds of America |
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Term
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Definition
| brought scientific mgmt and sustained use of forests to the US when they were being exploited; he was America's 1st professional forester. |
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Term
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Definition
| after WWI loss of environmental concern; chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation of land; grazing; fencing; control of infectious diseases (medicine); land erosion became sever (Dust Bowls) |
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Term
| Post WWII; "The Good Life" |
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Definition
-Air in and around cities became murky and irritating to people's eyes, skin and respiratory systems
–Effects of air, land and water pollution was seen in the wild populations (decline of populations of birds, mammals, etc.)
–Drastic atmospheric changes
–Loss of biodiversity
–In winter, freshly fallen snow turned grey from soot from city chimneys
–Rivers and beaches became increasingly fouled by raw sewage, garbage and chemical waste |
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Term
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Definition
Human pop growth; With increased populations there is increased consumption of resources, increased pollution and increased habitat alteration.
–Ground water supplies being depleted
–Soils degraded at an increasing rate
–Oceans over harvested
–Oil resources drawn down
–Mineral resources depleted
–Forest cut faster than they can re-grow
–Atmospheric changes caused by Man |
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Term
| What does the future hold? |
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Definition
•Global trends currently not sustainable
•Current trends on collision course with basic human needs and the fundamental system that maintains our planet as a tolerable place to live
•A finite planet can not go on adding 90 million people each year while:–Soils are being lost –The atmosphere is changing –Species are being lost –Water is being depleted |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to endure: Can we meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need? |
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Term
| Ways in which we depend on Natural Ecosystems & Biodiversity |
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Definition
| Clean air Clean water Siutable climates to live and grow food Carbon storage and oxygen production Many foods Many medicines Raw materials Recreation Countless other obvious ways |
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Term
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Definition
| a network involving the interactions of living (animals, plants) and nonliving (air, soil, water) elements in a manner that sustains life and consists of several communities; can be modified by internal or external factors (natural or man-made); range in size from area as small as a few square meters to much/all of the Earth; self-sustaining & require external source of energy (usually sun) |
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Term
| largest ecosystem on planet |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No, they are not self-sustaining and must import daily large amounts of matter and energy. |
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Term
| what is the ecosystem exception to the "solar rule"? |
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Definition
| Hydrothermal vents (H2S) and methane seeps (CH4) [discoveredby A&M in early 90's!] containing symbiotic bacteria which utilize chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis to sustain life. |
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Term
| "biotic community" or "community" |
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Definition
| Living part of an ecosystem at any given time and place contains distinctive groups of plants and animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The environment that supports us and the other animals with which we share our planet. It extends from hundreds of meters beneath the surface of the ocean (hadal zone) to several kilometers into the atmosphere |
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Term
| what is the non-living (chemical & physical) part of the environment called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transition region b/t 2 ecosystems |
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Term
| Biotic Structure (Trophic Levels) |
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Definition
Organization of living organisms in an ecosystem into groups based on similarities in feeding relationships
–Producers = Photosynthesis (Chlorophyll)
–Consumers = Feed on other organisms
–Decomposers = Organisms that break down organic material |
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Term
| different types of consumers |
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Definition
| Primary; Secondary; Tertiary; Omnivores; Carnivores; Predator; prey; parasites; detritus feeders; autotrophs; heterotrophs; saprotrophs; mixotrophic |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants or animals that are intimately associated with a host and drain energy from it |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that feed on dead materials to reduce its size (Fungi, bacteria, some insects) |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesize own organic substances from inorganic nutrients –Photosynthesis –Chemosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one animal kills and eats another |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that consume other organisms, or consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on products of other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| occupy more than one trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
C4 = Man (top carnivore)
C3 = Trout
C2 = large insect larva
C1 = Copepods
P = Algae |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathways by which energy and nutrients flow through EcoSs. A chain is a simple pathway; a web is a complex pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
producers (green plants) ->
primary consumer (herbivores) ->
secondary consumer (predators). |
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Term
| catabolism (in food webs) |
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Definition
| Catabolism (breakdown molecules & release energy) - respiration, excretion, decomposition (decomposers [bacteria, fungi, etc] recycle nutrients back into food chains). |
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Term
| energy transfer (in food web) |
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Definition
| not 100%efficient (2nd law of thermodynamics). Ecologists use 10% as a rule of thumb for estimating % of energy converted between links (a.k.a. trophic levels) in food chains |
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Term
| what happens to the rest of energy not transferred in food chains? |
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Definition
lost as heat; 2 consequences:
1) less enegry is available at ea. successive trophic level 2) length of food chain is limited (not much energy left after 3-4 steps) |
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Term
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Definition
the capacity of an organism to withstand or adjust to any disturbed conditions in the environment.
EX: stenohaline vs. euryhaline, stenothermal vs. eurythermal |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex of communities with a distinct type of vegetation. |
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Term
| 6 biomes of North America |
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Definition
(1) Tundra
(2) Boreal (north) forest
(3) Temperate Deciduous Forest
(4) Temperate Grassland
(5) Desert
(6) Mediterranean Scrub Forest |
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Term
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Definition
| process of vegetative and ecological development whereby an area becomes successively occupied by different plant communities. |
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Term
| steps & characteristics of succession |
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Definition
| Begins with a pioneer community and ends at a climax community; A natural or man-made disturbance initiates the development of the pioneer community. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs where no community previously existed (Ex:volcanic island) |
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Term
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Definition
| place where there are remnants of a previous community (burned-out field, clear-cut forest) |
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Term
| importance of succession for WFM |
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Definition
| WFM focuses on manipulating habitat for the benefit of selected spp by arresting succession at a particular stage that coincides with the optimal condition(s) for the selected spp (EX: bobwhite, plants for human consumption [weeds, shrubs would outgrow our food if not controlled]).; midsuccessional spp most abundant today b/c they have greater adaptability or tolerance than climax spp to disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| # and complexity of spp in a community (species richness & eveness) |
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Term
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Definition
| relative constancy in the abundance (# of individuals per spp) of pops |
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Term
| relationship b/t diversity & stability |
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Definition
| Communities w/ few plant & animal spp are less stable; Communities w/ diverse plant & animal spp are more stable; human activities reduce the diversity/complexity of natural communities; therefore, their effects reduce stability in communities |
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Term
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Definition
1. population level
2. ecosystem level |
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Term
| why do we need to understand the ecology of populations? |
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Definition
| interested in pop goals; find that some pops of spp will be keystone species (umbrella species) that need to be monitored |
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Term
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Definition
| A population is a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular area in a given time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of organisms which can successfully breed and produce reproductively viable offspring (BSC). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum total of the relationship between an organism and its environment; an organism’s address and profession. Reduce competition/exclusion. |
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Term
| what is the relationship b/t niche & exotics? |
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Definition
| 2 spp cannot occupy the same niche. Thus, if an exotic spp is introduced into a niche already occupied by a native spp, one or the other will be displaced or eliminated by direct competition. EX: loss of many bluebirds in U.S. after introduction of starlings & house sparrows; they all utilize the same nesting sites. |
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Term
| 5 dynamic rate functions that populations are affected by |
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Definition
(1) NATALITY OR RECRUITMENT (adds new individuals)
(2) GROWTH (adds biomass to a population)
(3) MORTALITY (individuals are lost from a population)
(4-5) Immigration and emigration |
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Term
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Definition
the production of new individuals born in a population -Generally biologists use a time frame to measure this parameter, hence, it becomes a rate function.
EX: the number of whiptail lizards added to a population in a year. |
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Term
| why not use natality in relation to fishes? |
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Definition
| Differences between the reproductive strategies of fish in comparison to wildlife. |
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Term
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Definition
| # of eggs produced per female/ # of sperm produced per male |
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Term
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Definition
| % of eggs that are fertile |
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Term
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Definition
| actual # of offspring produced (born/hatched) by a pop during specific time period |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of offspring hatched or born in a year that survive to reproductive size. |
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Term
| Determinate vs Indeterminate growth |
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Definition
| Most terrestrial vertebrates (especially birds and mammals) exhibit determinate growth. Fish exhibit indeterminate growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tend to grow quickly and reach their approximate adult size in a year or two. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces high-density, slow-growing fish populations that are referred to as stunted populations. When density is high, there is much competition for a limiting factor such as food, and growth is slow. When density is low, food is more abundant, and growth rates are substantially faster. |
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Term
| what is slow growth typically correlated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Density Independent Mortality Factors |
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Definition
Those factors whose effect is not related to population density; Seen more at periphery of sp range.
EX: abiotic factors, fire, climate, hurricanes, floods, pesticides. |
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Term
| Density Dependent Mortality Factors |
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Definition
Those factors whose effect is a function of population density.Seen more in central portion of spp range.
EX: biotic factors, predation, food limitation via competition, diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
(1)mortality caused by biotic and abiotic ecosystem processes
(2)(natural causes)
EX: predation, parasitism, disease, accidents, starvation, etc. |
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Term
| harvest/fisheries mortality |
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Definition
| Death which occurs as a result of human activity related to possession of individuals for recreation (hunting) and food (hunting or fishing including commercial fishing). Harvest/fisheries mortality is actually another form of predation. In this case the predators are hunters. |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of natural and harvest/fisheries mortality |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of a population that can be taken by humans without affecting subsequent populations levels. Important for resource agencies in determining bag or creel limits. |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that one kind of mortality (e.g., hunting) REPLACES another kind of mortality (e.g., natural) in animal populations; an animal dying from one cause (hunting) cannot die from another cause (natural), so one source of mortality compensates for the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of one kind of mortality is ADDED to those of other sources of mortality and occurs when harvest mortality results in an increase of total natural mortality rate for a population. |
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Term
| Even when we suspect that harvest mortality is additive, it may/can be offset under certain circumstances. How? |
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Definition
a. If target population is low, hunters may “switch”.
b. Harvest regulations may limit access to populations.
c. A species may increase natality or recruitment in responseto additive mortality.
d. Movement into “hurting” population by others from high density populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum rate of population increase under ideal conditions. Sometimes this is called reproductive potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the mortality factors impacting a population. [includes both abiotic and biotic or density independent and density dependent mortality factors] |
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Term
| 2 factors that function to create the # of individuals in a pop at any one time |
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Definition
| biotic potential + environmental resistance; usually results in pop exhibiting 2 general types of pop growth (J & S-shaped) |
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Term
| exponential growth curve equation & meanings of exponents |
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Definition
rN =dN/dT
r = max growth rate
N = # of individuals in a pop
dN = change in #
dT = change in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Species adapted to high reproductive rates and short life spans, often with wide ranges of tolerance to environmental conditions. Populations grow until the environmental resistance comes to bear quickly. Results in population crash. |
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Term
| logistics growth curve & meaning of exponents |
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Definition
rN (K-N)/K=dN/dT
r = maximum growth rate
N = # of individuals in a population
dN = change in number
dT = change in time
K= maximum # of individuals environment can sustain
(= carrying capacity) |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can sustain throughout a specified period. |
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Term
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Definition
| the abundance of organisms present at a given time in a given area, generally expressed by weight or biomass in fishes. Fishery biologists use Standing stock/crop. Wildlife Biologists use Population Density. The concepts are essentially the same |
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Term
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Definition
The relative numbers of each sex in a wildlife population. Ratios are expressed as percentage of males to percentage of females.
(EX: 55:45 = 55% males 45% females). |
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Term
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Definition
| The sex ratio at fertilization. Because of meiosis and fertilization, this should be 50:50. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex ratio at birth or hatching. Generally should be 50:50, but may show first indications of sex-specific mortality. White-tailed deer fawns under nutritional stress exhibit a sex ratio favoring males (72:28). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex ratios of juveniles which indicates the proportion of each sex later entering the breeding populations. For game species, hunting becomes an external influence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sex ratio of the adult population; often clearly skewed in favor of one sex. Ungulates are skewed towards females because hunting pressure selects males w/ antlers or horns. |
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Term
| What are some instances in which the quaternary sex ratio may become skewed? |
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Definition
| *differential hunting of males (ungulates, waterfowl) will produce a sex ratio favoring females.*in lekking species-females may outnumber males (lekking–those spp that exhibit courtship behaviors/rituals; lek –display ground for lekking spp [EX:prairie chicken])*females may be susceptible to differential predation while incubating and/or caring for young. |
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Term
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Definition
| one male maintains pair bond with one female. |
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Term
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Definition
| pair bond established for one nesting or for one season only. Ex: cardinals |
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Term
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Definition
| pair bond established for as long as both mates remain alive. EXAMPLE:Common in geese, eagles,humans? |
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Term
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Definition
| One sex maintains simultaneous pair bonds with >1 member of the opposite sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| several males per female; extremely rare in vertebrates. EX:phalaropes |
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Term
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Definition
| several females per male. EXAMPLE:relatively common harem spp like walruses, seals, sea lions |
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Term
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Definition
| Indiscriminate mating. EXAMPLE:cottontails, bobcats,small rodents, fish, most invertebrates. |
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Term
| Population Viability Analysis (PVA) |
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Definition
| PVA analyses are used to determine the likelihood of extinction of rare populations. Can be used to evaluate changes in population numbers of common species also. |
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Term
| What types of information are needed to predict changes in a population? |
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Definition
1. age of sexual maturity of males & females
2. age of first breeding
3. Sex ratio
4. Survivorship by sex
5. Number of young per breeding
6. Length of gestation period
7. Is sp. monogamous or polygamous
8. # of females that breed at each age
9. Influence of nutritional condition on reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete count of individuals in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because it is impossible/impractical to directly count all in a population, we must rely on estimates of population numbers based on sampling of the population to determinepopulation size (obtain a “hard” numerical value). |
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Term
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Definition
| Compares the relative size of an animal population in a temporal sense (year to year).Seldom provide exact #s or estimates, but compare relative abundance between areas or changes in abundance from one time to another in the same area. |
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