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Definition
| the science that pursues an understanding of planet earth |
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Definition
| The earth's landscapes have been shaped primarly through great catastrophes |
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| What is uniformitarianism |
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Definition
| Physical biological and chemical laws that operate today also operated in geological past. |
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Definition
| that dates are placed in their proper sequence or order without knowing their age in years |
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| What are earth's four spheres? |
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Definition
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Solid Earth |
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| What is the aim of Earth System science? |
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Definition
| Aims to study Earth as a system composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystems |
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Definition
| any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole |
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Term
| What is the nebular hypothesis? |
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Definition
- a rotating cloud called the solar nebular that was composed of hydrogen and helium
- the nebular started to contract about 5 billion years ago
- it assumed a flat disk, shape with the protosun at the center
- inner plannets formed from metallic and rocky substances
- large outer planets formed from fragments of ices (H20, CO2, and others)
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Term
| How did the Earth's layered structure form? |
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Definition
Metals sank to center
- molten rocks rose to produce a primitive crust
- Chem segregation established the 3 division of Earth's interior
- Atmosphere evolved from gases in Earth's Interior |
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Term
| What is the crust and what is it composed of? |
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Definition
| It is the outermost shell of the earth and it is composed of various rocks |
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Term
| What is the mantle and what is it composed of? |
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Definition
| It is the interior of the earth, and it is highly viscous. Composed of mainly periodite |
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Term
| What is the core and what is it composed of? |
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Definition
| Composed of iron-nickel alloy. Extreme pressure outter core is liquid layer inner core is solid |
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Definition
| Consists of the entire crust and the upper-most mantle. forms the earth's cool rigid outer shell. |
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Term
| What is the asthenosphere? |
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Definition
| a weak layer below the lithosphere |
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Definition
| Part of the mantle that extends from the core mantle boundary also known as lower mantle |
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Definition
| Solid inner most layer of the earth |
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Definition
| layer below mantle that has a liquid form |
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Term
| How can you go from magma to an igenous rock? |
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Definition
| Crystallization(cooling and solidification) |
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Term
| How can you go from igneous to sediment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you go from sediment to sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
| Lithification (cementation and compaction) |
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| How can you go from sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock? |
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Definition
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| How can you go from metamorphic rock to magma? |
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Definition
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| What is earths structure from the inner most section out? |
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Definition
| Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
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Term
| How is earths crust divided? |
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Definition
| oceanic crust and continental crust |
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Term
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Definition
| large flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within the continental interior |
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| What are the stable continental platforms consist? |
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Definition
| Thick sequences of sedimentary strata that overlay thick sections of stable contiental crust |
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Term
| What is the theory that explains the movement of earth;s outer layer |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a divergent plate boundary? |
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Definition
| when two playes move apart |
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Term
| What is a convergent plate boundary? |
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Definition
| two plates moving together |
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Term
| What is a transform fault boundary? |
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Definition
| when two plates grind against each other |
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Term
| What are subduction zones? |
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Definition
| when the lithosphere descends into theathenosphere |
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Term
| What forms when an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most volcanic island arcs are located where? |
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Definition
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| The andes and cascades exemplify what feature? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| What size are ash and small dust particles that a volcano puts out? |
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Definition
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| What are materials ranging from the size of small beads up to walnuts (2-64 mm) from a volcano called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a measures of a materials resistance to flow?
high viscosity= slower flow |
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| What is an object larger than 64mm that is made from hardened lava called? |
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Definition
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| What is an object larger than 64mm that is made as incandescent lava called? |
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Definition
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| What type of volcano takes the shape of a broad domed structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are sheild volcanoes built? |
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Definition
| by fluid basaltic laval flow and contain only a small % of pyroclastics |
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Term
| What kind of eruptions happen on shield volcanoes? |
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Definition
| quiescent eruptions with fluid magma |
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Term
| How to cinder cones form? |
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Definition
| they form from ejected lava fragments |
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Term
| What is a composite cone volcano? |
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Definition
| large nearly symmetyrical structure composed of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic deposites, emitted from a central vent. |
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Term
| What are fiery cloudsconsiting for ash called? |
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Definition
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| What are the structures that result from the emplacement of magma at depth called? |
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Definition
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Definition
| sheet like plutons produced when magma is injected in fractures that cut across rock layers |
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Definition
| tabular structures formed when magma is injected along sedimentary bedding surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| form lke sill but from viscous magma |
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| What type of volcano is composed mostly of pyroclastic material? |
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Definition
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| Magmas that produce __________ rock contain about 50 percent silica and tend to be quite __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of magma, with about a 60 percent silica content, tends to form composite cones |
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Definition
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| This type of magma, with about a 70 percent silica content, tends to form pyroclasts |
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Definition
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Definition
| Chemical, physical and biological changes that take place after sediments are depositied including recrystalization and lithification |
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Definition
| transported sediment as solid particles |
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Definition
| sediment that was once in a solution |
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Definition
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Definition
| texture consiting of broken fragments of prexising rock |
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Definition
| texture in which minerals form a pattern of interlinking crystals |
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Definition
| mixture of mineral and organic matter watter and air |
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Definition
| decayed animal and plant remains |
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Term
| What is the soil profile? |
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Definition
soil forming processes operating from the surface downward. vertical layers called horizons.
E- horizon= organic matter
A horizon= organic and miner
^^top soil
OEAB= solum or true soil |
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Term
| What factors are important in weathering? |
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Definition
- amount of mechanical weathering
- climate
- joints in the rock
- mineral composition |
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Term
| Types of chem weathering? |
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Definition
Hydrolisis
Dissolution
Oxidition |
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| Phgysical weathering types? |
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Definition
| Glaciers, wind, ocean currents, frost weathering |
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Term
| What is the silicate tetrahedron |
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Definition
| Structure composed of 4 oxygen atoms around 1 silicate atom. |
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| What is the importance of mineral texture when building igneos and sedimentary textures |
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Definition
| It determins what kind of rock it is |
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| What is pyrcosclastic texture? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| What is interplate volcanism? |
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Definition
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