Term
| Define both geographic information systems as a toolbox and geographic information science |
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Definition
Toolbox: GIS TRANSFORMS data
Geographic Information Science: built to provide answers to questions |
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Term
| Know what makes GIS unique from related technologies (know what these technologies are) |
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Definition
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Term
| Understand the historical development of GIS |
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Definition
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Term
| What are projections and their properties? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accuracies and distortions have to do with projections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the basic ways of classifying projections? (e.g., by developable surface) |
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Definition
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Term
| Suggest an appropriate projection for mid latitude continents. |
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Definition
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Term
| Suggest an appropriate projection for global representations. |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of projection is good for representing population density? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the UTM coordinate system and why is it used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the state plane coordinate system and why is it used? |
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Definition
Grid based method of specifying locations on the surface of the earth, practical application of Cartesian.
Used to identify locations independent of altitude. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a raster graphics image or bitmap is a data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points ofcolor |
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Term
| What implementation issues exist with the raster data model? (resolution, mixed pixel problem) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the basic ways to locate or produce data for use in GIS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify 3 online GIS data sources. |
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Definition
Meetings(and(Proceedings
± www.giscience.org
Electronic(newsletters
± www.geoPlace.com
Professional(organizations
± www.ucgis.org |
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Term
| Describe the process of digitization. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the common digitizing errors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Standard lines/parallels= |
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Definition
| points of tangency or intersection between developable surfaces and 3D globe |
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Term
| 3 aspects of a projection: |
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Definition
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Term
| Conformal projections preserve: |
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Definition
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Term
| Equivalent projections preserve: |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Maps can be both conformal and equivalent. |
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Definition
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Term
| T of F: To compare maps or data in GIS you need to have data in the same projection or at least the same type of projection (conformal or equivalent). |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 light source map projections? |
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Definition
Gnomonic
Antipodal
Orthographic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pole to pole light source |
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Term
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Definition
| light source from an infinite distance away |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does scale size refer to? |
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Definition
| The ratio between the size of the thing in the map and the size of the thing in the real world. |
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Term
| Small scale maps see a larger portion |
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Definition
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Term
| Large scale maps see a smaller portion |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a GIS consist of (at the least)? |
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Definition
database
map information
computer-based link between the two |
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Term
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Definition
a powerful set of tools for storing and retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.
automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data.
gis are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data. |
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Term
| Define GIS as an information system. |
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Definition
| An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working with the data. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cartographic term that refers to something placed on a map. |
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Term
| Define GIS as an approach to Science. |
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Definition
| focus on generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities. |
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Term
| Define GIS as a multi-billion dollar business. |
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Definition
| Billions of $ spent every year on GIS software and data, and on the hardware |
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Term
| Define GIS as a social structure. |
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Definition
| organized activity by which people measure and represent geographic phenomena, and then transform these representations into other forms while interacting with social structures |
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Term
| What are some ways that geographic information is involved in our daily lives? |
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Definition
| land ownership, property transfer, navigation, weather, transportation, utilities |
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Term
| Why has there been such a growth is GIS? |
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Definition
basic needs of society
push to the desktop - technology
software improvements
educated user base
inexpensive data |
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Term
| Why has there been such a growth is GIS? |
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Definition
basic needs of society
push to the desktop - technology
software improvements
educated user base
inexpensive data |
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Term
| What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 do? |
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Definition
| Called for the systematic survey and subdivision of lands that were "being acquired" by the U.S. - US Public Land Survey |
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Term
| What is Dr. John Snow known for? |
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Definition
| Formulated hypothesis that cholera is spread through contaminated water supplies after examining a map of London. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sections of maps pasted to a rigid sphere. |
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Term
| What is a map projection? |
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Definition
| Transformation of a spherical or ellipsoidal earth onto a flat map. |
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Term
| What is a developable surface? |
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Definition
| A surface that is flat or can be made flat by cutting. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main developable surfaces? |
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Definition
Plane- Azimuthal
Cylinder- Cylindrical
Cone- Conic |
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Term
| Why do secant projections minimize the maximum errors? |
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Definition
| The longest distance from the intersection lines to the sphere is reduced. |
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Term
| What are the 3 aspects to projections depending on where the tangency/secancy occurs? |
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Definition
Normal
Transverse - 90 degrees rotation is usual
Oblique - what's left |
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Term
| What is a coordinate system? |
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Definition
| A standardized method for assigning codes to locations so that locations can be found using codes alone. |
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Term
| What coordinate systems are used in the U.S. (4)? |
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Definition
geographic coordinates (lat/long)
universal transverse mercator
military grid
state plane |
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Term
| Give some characteristics of UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator). |
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Definition
Based on 60 different transverse
aspect Mercator projections to minimize
error in each zone– 1 part in 2500.
Extends from 80°S to 84°N.
Polar areas covered by UPS (not the
people with the brown trucks, but
Universal Polar Stereographic) |
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Term
| Give some characteristics of State Plane= Local Projections. |
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Definition
Zones that are mostly E-W (e.g. Iowa) are
based on local Lambert Conic projection
Zones that are N-S (e.g. Illinois) are based on
a local transverse aspect Mercator that is NOT
the same as the UTM at that location
Originally restricted to distance of 158 miles
orthogonal to secant to limit distortion
Error 1 part in 10, |
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Term
| What type of projection would you use if density is important? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How data are organized for use by GIS. |
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Term
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Definition
Clerk at Royal Society of London
Knew many geodetic scientists
editor of philosophical transactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of transformation and abstraction from complex reality to simplified map cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| set of intersecting lines of latitude and longitude that provides indicators of direction and also about the type of projection involved |
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Term
| What does a location map do? |
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Definition
| Provides info about transportation and sites of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Show land ownership parcels |
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Term
| What is a contour (or isoline)? |
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Definition
| Connects places with equal magnitude. |
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Term
| What does a topographic map show? |
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Definition
| Elevations with contour lines |
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Term
| Dot maps are a type of thematic map. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a chloropleth map show? |
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Definition
| Values of data within areas by using shading. |
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Term
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Definition
| The magnitudes of variables by changing areas - intentional distortion is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportional circles used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legend is vague with no units |
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Term
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Definition
Conversion of spatial info into digital form
Involves capturing the map and attributes
May involve address matching |
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Term
| What are some geocoding methods for maps? |
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Definition
Digitizing
Scanning
Field data collection |
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Term
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Definition
captures map data by tracing lines from a map by hand
uses a cursor and tablet |
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Term
| What are some errors associated with digitizing? |
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Definition
Slivers
duplicate lines
duplicate nodes
unended lines
gaps |
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Term
| What are some errors associated with scanning? |
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Definition
grid of pixels
features can "drop out" |
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Term
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Definition
logically can be thought of as in a flat file
table with rows and columns
attributes by records
entries called values |
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Term
| What are the elements of database? |
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Definition
Type of value
Range
Missing data
Duplicate data
Key |
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Term
| What is the role of error? |
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Definition
Map and attribute data errors are the data producer's responsibility, but the GIS user must understand error
Accuracy and precision of map and attribute data in a GIS affect all other operations |
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Term
| Spatial data are unique because: |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a photomap consist of? |
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Definition
| Remote sensing image and cartographic images. |
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