Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a drug passes into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More severe side effects that may justify the discontinuation of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug that interacts with a receptor to produce a response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A glass container usually designed to hold a single dose of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A severe allergic reaction that usually occurs immediately after the administration of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying the drug's receptor sites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The slanted part at the tip of a needle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which a drug is converted to a less active form; also called detoxification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name of a drug given by the drug manufacturer; also called the trade name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A medication (E.g., a tablet) that is held in the mouth against the mucous membranes of the cheek until the drug dissolves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tube with a lumen (channel) that is inserted into a cavity or duct and is often fitted with a trocar during insertion for abdominal paracentesis; the part of the needle that is attached to the hub; also called a shaft. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The name by which a chemist knows the drug, describes the constituents of the drug precisely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Therapeutic Effect) The primary effect intended of a drug; reason the drug is prescribed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Biotransformation) Process by which a drug is converted to a less active form; also called detoxification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical compound taken for disease prevention, diagnosis, cure, or relief or to affect the structure or function of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive intake of a substance either continually or periodically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An immunologic reaction to a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to keep the intake of a drug or substance under control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mild form of psychologic dependence on a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Elimination Half-Life) The time required for the elimination process to reduce the concentration of a drug to one-half what it was at initial administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The beneficial or harmful interaction of one drug with another drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which successive increases in the dosage of a drug are required to maintain a given therapeutic effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A quality of a drug that exerts a deleterious effect on an organism or tissue.Dru |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Drug Half-Life) The time required for the elimination process to reduce the concentration of a drug to one-half what it was at initial administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The injection of an anesthetic agent into the epidural space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the effect of ethnicity on responses to prescribed medicines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elimination of waste product produced by the body cells from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tube that is surgically placed directly into the client's stomach and provides another route for administering nutrition and medications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diameter of the shaft of a needle; the larger the gauge number, the smaller the diameter of the shaft. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given before a drug officially becomes an approved medication; generally used throughout the drug's lifetime. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the needle that fits onto the syringe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of syringe that comes in 2-,2.5- and 3-mL sizes; the syringe usually has two scales marked on it: the minim and the milliliter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A different, unexpected, or individual effect from the normal one usually expected from a medication; the occurrence of unpredictable and unexplainable symptoms.
The effect can be under response or over response to a drug.
A drug can have a completely different effect from the normal effect and cause unexplainable symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that are sold illegally; street drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The decreased effect of one or both drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syringe that has a scale specially designed for insulin and is the only syringe that should be used to administer insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under the epidermis (into the dermis). |
|
|
Term
| Intradermal (ID) Injection |
|
Definition
| The administration of a drug into the dermal layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intramuscular (IM) Injection |
|
Definition
| The administration of a drug into the muscle tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Intrathecal) Into the spinal canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Intraspinal) Into the spinal canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flushing or washing out with a specified solution; administration of a solution to wash out the conjunctival sac to remove secretions or foreign bodies or to remove chemicals that may injure the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An irrigation or washing of a body organ, such as the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease. |
|
|
Term
| Medication Reconciliation |
|
Definition
| Process of creating the most accurate list possible of all medications a client is taking - including drug name, dosage, frequency, and route - and comparing that list against the physician's admission, transfer, and/or discharge orders, with the goal of providing correct medications to the client at all transition points within the hospital. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The crescent-shaped upper surface of a column of liquid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all physical and chemical processes by which a living substance is formed and maintained and by which energy is made available for use by the organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI) |
|
Definition
| A handheld nebulizer that is a pressurized container of medication that can be used by the client to release the medication through a mouthpiece |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tube inserted by way of the nasopharynx or the oropharynx; it is placed into the stomach for the temporary purpose of feeding the client or to remove gastric secretions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nothing by mouth; literally, "nil per os" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The name under which the drug is listed in one of the official publications (e.g., the United States Pharmacopeia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time after drug administration when the body initially responds to the drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to medications for the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of administration in which the drug is swallowed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to instillations or irrigations of the external auditory canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug administration using a medication route other than the alimentary or digestive tract; injected into the body intradermally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The concentration of a drug in the blood plasma that occurs when the elimination rate equals the rate of absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Route of absorption of a topical medication through the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and prescriptions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a drug alters cell physiology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which the effect of a drug is influenced by genetic variations such as gender, size, and body composition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The scientific study of the actions of drugs on living animals and humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A book containing a list of drugs products used in medicine, including their descriptions and formulas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs; also refers to the place where drugs are prepared and dispensed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biochemical changes occurring in the body as a result of excessive use of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secondary IV setup that connects a second container to the tubing of a primary container at the upper port; used solely for intermittent drug administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A maintained concentration of a drug in the plasma during a series of scheduled doses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The increased effect of one or both drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Prefilled Unit-Dose Systems |
|
Definition
| Disposable units that provide injectable medications that are available as prefilled syringes ready for use, or as prefiled sterile cartridges and needles that require the attachment of a reusable holder before use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "As needed order"; permits the nurse to give a medication when, in the nurse's judgment, the client requires it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of emotional reliance on a drug to maintain one's well-being; a feeling of need or craving for a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A location on the surface of a cell membrane or within a cell (usually a protein) to which a drug chemically binds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The technique of adding a diluent to a powdered drug to prepare it for administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the needle that is attached to the hub; also called the cannula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The secondary effect of a drug that is unintended; usually predictable and may be either harmless or potentially harmful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An order that is to be carried out one time only at a specified time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An order that may be carried out indefinitely until another order is written to cancel it, or that may be carried out for a specified number of days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicates an order that is to be carried out immediately and only once. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beneath the layers of the skin; hypodermic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of drug administration in which the drug is placed under the tongue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secondary IV setup in which a second IV container is attached to the line of the first container at the lower, secondary port to permit medications to be administered intermittently or simultaneously with the primary solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The primary effect intended of a drug; reason the drug is prescribed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Applied externally (e.g., to the skin or mucous membranes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name of the drug given by the drug manufacturer; also known as a brand name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dermatologic medication delivery system that administers sustained-action medications via multilayered films containing the drug and an adhesive layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A narrow syringe, calibrated in tenths and hundredths of a milliliter on one scale and in sixteenths of a minim on the other scale that can be useful in administering other drugs, particularly when small or precise measurement is indicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small glass medication container with a sealed rubber cap; used for single or multidoses. |
|
|
Term
| Volume-Control Infusion Set |
|
Definition
| Small fluid containers (100 to 150 mL in size) attached below the primary infusion container so that the medication is administered through the client's IV line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A liquid, powder, or foam deposited in a thin layer on the skin by air pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One or more drugs dissolved in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One or more drugs finely divided in a liquid such as water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solid form, shaped like a capsule, coated and easily swallowed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gelatinous container to hold a drug in powder, liquid, or oil form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nongreasy, semisolid preparation used on the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sweetened and aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal agents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concentrated form of a drug made from vegetables or animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A clear or translucent semisolid that liquefies when applied to the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient and applied to the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A medication in a liquid suspension applied to the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flat, round, or oval preparation that dissolves and releases a drug when held in the mouth. |
|
|
Term
| Ointment (salve, unction) |
|
Definition
| A semisolid preparation of one or more drugs used for application to the skin less than an ointment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preparation like an ointment, but thicker and stiff, that penetrates the skin less than an ointment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One or more drugs mixed with a cohesive material, in oval, round, or flattened shapes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A finely ground drug or drugs; some are used internally, others externally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One or several drugs mixed with a firm base such as gelatin and shaped for insertion into the body (e.g., the rectum); the base dissolves gradually at body temperature, releasing the drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aqueous solution of sugar often used to disguise unpleasant-tasting drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A powdered drug compressed into a hard small disc; some are readily broken along a scored line; others are enteric coated to prevent them from dissolving in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An alcoholic or water-and-alcohol solution prepared from drugs derived from plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A semipermeable membrane shaped in the form of a disc or patch that contains a drug to be absorbed through the skin over a long period of time. |
|
|
Term
| What must a drug be in order to be predictable in its effect? |
|
Definition
| Pure and uniform in strength. |
|
|
Term
| Nurses are responsible for doing what three things with medications. |
|
Definition
1. Administering the medication
2. Recognizing the effectiveness of the medication
3. Recognizing unfavorable reactions to the medication |
|
|
Term
| What two things do nurses need to be aware of? |
|
Definition
1. The nursing practice acts in their areas define and limit their functions.
2. Be able to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and skill. |
|
|
Term
| Are nurses responsible for their own actions regardless of whether there is a written order? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A physician writes an incorrect prescription. The nurse administers the medication. Is the NURSE responsible for the mistake? |
|
Definition
Yes, the nurse who administers the written incorrect dosage is responsible for the error as well as the primary care provider.
Nurses should question any order that appears unreasonable and refuse to give the medication until the order is clarified. |
|
|
Term
| When are controlled medications counted? |
|
Definition
- At the start of a shift
- At the end of a shift
- Prior to the administration of a controlled substance. |
|
|
Term
| Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) |
|
Definition
| Implemented by Food and Drug Administration (FDA); requires that labels be accurate and that all drugs be tested for harmful effects. |
|
|
Term
| Durkham-Humphrey Amendment (1952) |
|
Definition
| Clearly differentiates drugs that can be sold only with a prescription, those that can be sold without a prescription, and those that should not be refilled without a new prescription. |
|
|
Term
| Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962) |
|
Definition
| Requires proof of safety and efficacy of a drug for approval |
|
|
Term
| Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970) (Controlled Substances Act) |
|
Definition
| Categorizes controlled substances and limits how often a prescription can be filled; established government-funded programs to prevent and treat drug dependence. |
|
|
Term
| What would be the therapeutic or desired effect of morphine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be a side effect of morphine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be an adverse effect or reaction to morphine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended for external use, or buildup of the drug in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion (cumulative effect). |
|
|
Term
| When do toxic effects become apparent? |
|
Definition
- Some immediately
- Some are not apparent for weeks or months. |
|
|
Term
| How can drug toxicity be avoided? |
|
Definition
- With attention paid to dosage
- Monitoring for toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What does the palliative drug type do? |
|
Definition
Relieves the symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself.
(ex. morphine for pain) |
|
|
Term
| What does the curative drug type do? |
|
Definition
Cures a disease or condition.
(ex. penicillin for infection) |
|
|
Term
| What does the supportive drug type do? |
|
Definition
Supports body function until other treatments or the body's response can take over.
(ex. aspirin for high body temp.) |
|
|
Term
| What does the substitutive drug type do? |
|
Definition
Replaces body fluids or substances.
(ex. insulin for diabetes) |
|
|
Term
| What does the chemotherapeutic drug type do? |
|
Definition
Destroys malignant cells.
(ex. busulfan for leukemia) |
|
|
Term
| What does the restorative drug type do? |
|
Definition
Returns the body to health.
(ex. daily vitamin) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
An allergic reaction is ALWAYS severe. |
|
Definition
False.
An allergic reaction can be mild or severe. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
An allergic reaction occurs IMMEDIATELY following contact with the antigen (drug or foreign substance). |
|
Definition
False.
An allergic reaction can occur anytime from a few minutes to two weeks following administration of a drug. |
|
|
Term
| What are the S/S (signs and symptoms) of an anaphylactic reaction? |
|
Definition
- Swelling in the mouth and tongue
- Acute shortness of breath
- Acute HYPOtension
- TACHYcardia |
|
|
Term
| What are the common mild allergic reactions? |
|
Definition
- Skin Rash
- Pruritus
- Angioedema
- Rhinitis
- Lacrimal Tearing
- Nausea, Vomiting
- Wheezing and Dyspnea
- Diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either an intraepidermal vesicle rash or a rash tipified by an urticarial wheel or macular eruption; rash is usually generalized over the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Itching of the skin with or without a rash. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Edema due to increased permeability of the blood capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive watery discharge from the nose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulation of these centers in the brain. (literally how it is written in the book)
Feeling like you will vomit or emitting fluids through the mouth from the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shortness of breath and wheezing on inhalation and exhalation due to accumulated fluids and swelling of the respiratory tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irritation of the mucosa of the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Drug interactions are always harmful. |
|
Definition
False.
Drug interactions can be harmful or beneficial. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when a potentiating effect is described as additive? |
|
Definition
| The interaction of two drugs increase the action of each other. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of iatrogenic disease? |
|
Definition
- hepatic toxicity resulting in biliary obstruction
- renal damage
- malformation of a fetus as a result of medication taken during pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The improper use of common medication in ways that lead to acute and chronic toxicity.
- includes over the counter medications and prescriptions |
|
|
Term
| What type of person would experience withdrawal symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of illicit drugs? |
|
Definition
- Drugs unavailable for purchase under any circumstances (ex. heroin)
- Drugs normally available with a prescription that are being obtained through illegal channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically by binding with a chemical receptor in the body to enhance or inhibit a cells function. |
|
|
Term
| How does food influence drugs? |
|
Definition
- Food can delay the dissolution and absorption of some drugs and delay the passage to the small intestines where absorption occurs.
- Food can combine with molecules of certain drugs, changing their molecular structure and subsequently inhibiting or preventing their absorption. |
|
|
Term
| How does the stomach affect drugs? |
|
Definition
| The acid in the stomach can destroy some drugs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first-pass effect? |
|
Definition
When drugs first pass throguh the liver and are partially metabolized prior to reaching the target organ.
A higher dose is needed to achieve the appropriate effect. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fastest way for a drug to take effect? |
|
Definition
| By administration intravenously. |
|
|
Term
| Where does most biotransformation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of metabolites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has a pharmacologic action. Has an effect on the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not have a pharmacologic action. Does not effect the body. |
|
|
Term
| How are most drug metabolites eliminated from the body? |
|
Definition
| By the kidneys and excreted into urine to be expelled from the body. |
|
|
Term
| What are the routes of excretion in the body? |
|
Definition
- lungs
- kidneys
- feces
- perspiration
- saliva
- breast milk |
|
|
Term
| At what point during pregnancy do drugs pose the highest risk? |
|
Definition
| During the first trimester. |
|
|
Term
| How is dosage determined for children and infants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the elderly at increased risk for? |
|
Definition
| Drug toxicity because of a decreased ability to breakdown the drug. |
|
|
Term
| How does sex affect drugs? |
|
Definition
| Men and women respond to drugs differently mainly be cause of the difference in distribution of body fat and fluid and hormonal differences. |
|
|
