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Definition
| Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce. |
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Definition
| All the individuals of a single species that live together in the same place and time. |
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| Populations of all species that occupy the same area. |
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Definition
| Groups of biological communities interacting with their shared physical environment. |
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Definition
| All regions of Earth's crust, waters and atmosphere that sustain life. |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| The large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of nucleotide. In all organisms, one type carries the instruction for asseembling proteins from DNA to the sites where the proteins are made inside cells. Another type forms part of ribosomes and a third type functions to bring amino acids to the ribosomes for their assembly into proteins. This is also the heriditary molecule of some viruses. (definition from p 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| The monomer of nucleic acid consisting of three parts linked together by covalent bonds: the nigtogenous base, The five-carbon, ring shaped sugar and one of three phosphate groups. (definition from page 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| A nitrogen-containing molecule with the properties of a base. |
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Definition
| A type of nitrogenous base with one carbon-nitrogen ring. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of nitrogenous base with two carbon-nitrogen rings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 5 carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides of DNA link covalently. |
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Term
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Definition
| A five carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides link covalently |
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Term
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Definition
| The linkage of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between the 5' carbon of one sugar and the 3' carbon of the next sugar in line. |
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Definition
| Two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrangement that occurs in DNA such that whenever a T(thymine) occurs on one chain of a DNA double helix, a an A(adenine) occurs opposite on the chain and wherever a C(Cytosine) occurs on one chain, a G(Guanine) occurs on the other side, with A-T and G-C being the only two combinations that can form Stable hydrogen bonds that will fit precisely in the double helix.(from page 66) |
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Term
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Definition
| Three generalizations yielded by microscopic observations: all organisms are composed of one or more cells: the cell is the smallest unit that has the properties of live: and cells arise only from the growth and division of preexisting cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique for producing visible images of objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument of microscopy with different magnifications and resolutions of specimens. |
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Definition
| Microscope that uses light to illuminate the specimen. |
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Definition
| Microscope that uses electrons to illuminate the specimen. |
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Definition
| The ratio of an object as viewed to its real size. |
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Definition
| The minimum distance two points in a specimen can be separated and still be seen as two points. |
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Definition
| All the parts of the cell that surround the central nuclear or nucleoid region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aqueous solution in the cytolplasm containing ions and various organic molecules |
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Definition
| The nucleus and the other specialized internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
| The outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substances moving into and out of cells. |
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Definition
| Organism in which the DNA is suspended in the cell interior without separation from other cellular components by a discrete membrane. |
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Definition
| The central region of a prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm where DNA replication and RNA transcription occur. |
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Definition
| Organism in which the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus. |
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Definition
| A rigid external layer of material surrounding the plasma membrane of cells in plants, fungi, bacteria and some protists, providing cell protection and support. |
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Definition
| An external layer of sticky or slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall in many prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA (messenger RNA) into chains of amino acids. |
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Term
| Flagellum (Plural is Flagella) |
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Definition
| A long, thread-like, cellular appendage responsible for movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| In eukaryotes, membranes separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening in the membrane of the nuclear envelope through which large molecules such as RNA and proteins move between the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| The structural building block of a chromosome, which includes the complex of DNA and its associated proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclear unit of genetic information, consisting for a DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets of microtubles in the centromes of most animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure that anchors cilia and flagella to the surface of the cell. |
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Definition
| The site of photosynthesis in plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inner compartment of a chloroplast, enclosed by two boundary membranes and containing a third membrane system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flattened, closed sacs that make up a membrane system within the stroma of a chloroplast. |
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Definition
| Thylakoids stacked one on top of another, found in higher plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family of plant organelles. |
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Definition
| A large, water-filed organelle in plant cells that maintains the turgor of the cell and controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap. |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane that surrounds the central vacuole in a plant cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial cell wall laid down by a plant cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer added to the cell wall of plants that is more rigid and may become many times more thick than the primary cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer of gel-like polysaccharides that hold together walls of adjacent plant cells. |
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Term
| Plasmodesma (plural Plasmodesmata) |
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Definition
| A minute channel that perforates a cell wall and contains extensions of the cytoplasm that directly connects adjacent plant cells. |
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Definition
| A cell surface protein responsible for selectively binding cells together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction that seals the spaces between cells and provides direct communication between cells. |
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| A molecular system that supports and protects cells and provides mechanical linkages. |
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Definition
| Cellular junction that forms belts that run entirely around cells, "welding" adjacent cells together. |
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Definition
| Animal cell junction in which intermediate filaments are the anchoring cytoskeletal component. |
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Definition
| Region of tight connection between membranes of adjacent cells. |
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Definition
| Junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another. |
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