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| a system of rule by the people, defined by the existence of popular sovereignty, political equality and political liberty. |
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| abuse of power by a rule of government |
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| although President Mahmoud Ahmadinejab was elected his office by the Iranian people and has been quite visible in defending the country’s nuclear program, real power in the country’s nuclear program, real power in the country is exercised by an unelected clergy. Here, the presiden receives a certification of appreciation from the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei |
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| a form of political decision making in which the public business is decided by all citizens meeting in small assembles. |
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| indirect democracy in which the people rule through elected representatives |
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| the basic principle of democracy that the people ultimately rule. |
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| the form of political decision making in which policies are decided on the basis of what a majority of the people want |
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| the principle that says that each person carries equal weight in the conduct of the public business |
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| guarantees by government of equal citizenship to all social groups |
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| guarantees by government of equal citizenship to all social groups |
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| a philosophical device, used by enlightenment thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau, and Harrington, to suggest that governments are only legitimate if they are created by a voluntary compact among the people |
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| suppression of the rights and liberties of a minority by the majority. |
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| representative of the states who formally elect the president; the number of electors in each state is equal to the total number of its senators and congressional representatives |
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| the period of tense relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union form the late 1940s to the late 1980s |
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| popular term for the system of legally sanctioned racial segregation that existed in the America South until the middle of the twentieth century |
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| a loose association of states or territorial units formed for a common purpose |
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| the basic framework of law that prescribes how government is to operate. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first constitution of the U.S., adopted during the last stages of the Revolutionary War, created a size system of government with most power lodged in the states and little in the central government |
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| Reblicanism eighteenth century |
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| a political doctrine advocating limited government based on popular consent protected against majority tyranny |
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| enactments postponing the collection of taxes or mortgage payments |
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| proposal by the large states at the Constitutional Convention to create a strong central government with power in the government apportioned to the states on the basis of population |
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| proposal of the smaller states at the Constitutional Conventional to create a government based on the equal representation of the states in a unicameral legislature. |
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| Constitutional Compromise |
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| - Also called the Great Compromise; the compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia Plans formulated by the Connecticut delegates at the Constructional Convention; called a lower legislature house based on population size and an upper house based on equal representation of the states |
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| elected representative of the states whose votes formally elected the president; the number of electors in each sate is equal to the total number of its senator and representatives in the House. |
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| describing a system in which significant governmental powers are divided between a central government and smaller territorial units such as states |
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| the provision in Article VI of the Constitution that states that the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the U.S. are the supreme law of the land, taking precedence over state laws and constitutions. |
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| Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, also called the necessary and proper clause; gives Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities. |
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| the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, concerned with basic liberties. |
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| the distribution of government legislature, executive, and judicial powers to separate branches of government |
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| the constitutional principle that government power shall be divided and that the fragments should balance or check one another to prevent tyranny |
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| proponents of the Constitution during the ratified fight; also the political party of Hamilton, Washington, and Adams |
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| opponents of the Constitution during the fight over ratification. |
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| the power of the Supreme Court to declare actions of the other branches and levels of government unconstitutional |
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| a system of government in which authority is lodged in a legislature body (the parliament) that chooses, usually from within its own ranks, a prime minister and cabinet to run the day-to-day affairs. |
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| a system in which a central government has a complete power over its constituent units or states |
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| the 10th amendment to Constitution, reserving powers to the states or the people. |
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| term used to refer to relationships among the states |
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| agreements among states to cooperate on solving mutual problems; requires approval by Congress |
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| the view of American federalism that holds that the Constitution created a system in which the national government is supreme, relative to the states, and that granted to it a broad range of powers and responsibilities. |
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| Necessary and proper clause |
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| Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, also know as the elastic clause; gives Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities |
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| the view of American federalism that holds that the Constitution created a system of dual sovereignty in which the national government and state government are sovereign in their own spheres |
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| federalism in which the power of the states and the national government are neatly separated like the section of a layer cake |
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| an attempt by staes to declare national laws or actions null and void |
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| exclusion of the states from actions that might interfere with federal authority or statues |
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| the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution adopted immediately after the Civil War |
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| the section of the fourteenth that prohibits states from depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property “without due process of law” a guarantee against arbitrary or unfair government action |
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| the section of the Fourteenth Amendment that provides equal protection of the laws to all citizens |
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| the delegation of power by the central government to state or local bodies. |
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| interpretation of federalism in which the states and the national government have separate jurisdictions and responsibilities |
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| interpretation of federalism in which the states and the national government have separate jurisdictions and responsibilities |
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| funds from the national government to state and local programs created by the national governments |
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| federal aid to states and localities clearly specifying what the money can be used for |
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| federal aid to the states without any conditions on how the money is to be spent. |
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| provisions in federal assistance requiring that state and local governments follow certain policies in order to obtain federal funds |
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| a formal order from the national government that the states carry out certain policies |
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| antiforeign; applied to political movements active in the nineteenth century. |
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| states of the Lower South, Southwest, and West, where sunny weather and often conservative politics prevails |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| Monetary value of all gross and services produced in a nation each year, excluding income residents earn abroad |
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| household income number at which one-half of all households have more income and one-half less income; the midpoint of all households ranked by income. |
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| the federal government’s calculation of the amount of income families of various s sizes need to stay out of poverty |
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| the federal government’s calculation of the amount of income families of various s sizes need to stay out of poverty |
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| a person working at a service, sales, or office jobs |
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| the process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs and political attitudes |
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