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| Anything that possesses mass & occupies volume |
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| The types & amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter |
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| Characteristics that give a substance its unique identity |
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| A characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with or changing into other substances |
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| A change in which the physical form (or state) of a substance, but not its composition, is altered |
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| A characteristic of a substance that appears as it interacts with, or transforms into other substances |
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-Fixed shape
-Does not conform to container |
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| -Fills a container to the extent of its own volume, thus forming a surface |
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| -Fills its container regardless of the shape because its particles are far apart |
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| A change in which one or more substances are converted into one or more substances with different composition & properties |
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| The capacity to do work, that is, to move matter |
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| Energy an object has because it is in motion |
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| Energy an object has because of its position in relation to other objects or because of its composition |
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| A fact obtained with the senses, often with the aid of instruments. Quantitative observations provide data that can be compared. |
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| Pieces of quantitative information obtained by observation |
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| A summary, often in mathematical form, of a universal observation |
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| A testable proposal made to explain an observation. If inconsistent with experimental results, a hypothesis is revised or discarded |
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| A set of procedural steps that tests a hypothesis |
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| A simplified conceptual picture based on experiment that explains how a natural phenomenon occurs |
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| The simplest type of substance with unique physical & chemical properties. An element consists of only one kind of atom, so it cannot be broken down into simpler substances. |
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| A type of matter, either an element or a compound, that has a fixed composition |
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| A structure consisting of two or more atoms that are bound chemically & behave as an independent unit |
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| A substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions |
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| A group of two or more elements &/or compounds that are physically intermingled |
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The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical nature of the element.
A neutral, spherical entity composed of a positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons |
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| A subatomic particle found in the nucleus that has a unit positive charge |
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| An uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton |
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| A subatomic particle that possesses a unit negative charge & occupies the space around the atomic nucleus |
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| The total number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| The average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element weighted according to their abundances |
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| Horizontal rows on the periodic table |
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Vertical columns in the periodic table
Elements in a group usually have the same outer electron configuration and, thus, similar chemical behavior |
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An element that occupies the d block of the periodic table.
One whose d orbitals are being filled |
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A substance or mixture that is relatively shiny & malleable & is a good conductor of heat & electricity.
In reactions, metals tend to transfer electrons to nonmetals & form ionic compounds. |
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An element that lacks metallic properties.
In reactions, nonmetals tend to share electrons with each other to form covalent compounds or accept electrons from metals to form ionic compounds |
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| An element with properties between those of metals and nonmetals |
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An element with some properties that are unique for metals: unusually soft & can be easily cut with a knife, lower melting & boiling points than any other group of metals, & lower densities than most metals. Highly reactive
Group 1A(1) [Except Hydrogen] |
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An element whose oxides give basic (alkaline) solutions & melt at such high temperatures that they remained as solids ("earths") in alchemist's fires. Soft & lightweight, but stronger metallic bonding & smaller atomic sizes make them harder & denser than the alkali metals. Highly reactive
Group 2A(2) |
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Highly reactive nonmetals
Group 7A(17) |
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Relatively unreactive nonmetals
Group 8A(18) |
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Group 6A(16)
Other main groups [3A(13) to 6A(16)] are often named after the first element in the group. |
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| Combination of elements formed by transferring electrons from one element to another |
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| Combination of elements formed by sharing electrons between atoms of different elements |
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The simplest type of ionic compound, composed of two elements, that typically forms when a metal reacts with a nonmetal.
Metal atom loses one or more electrons (cation +) and nonmetal atom gains one or more electrons (anion -) |
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| A cation or anion derived from a single atom |
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| A pair of electrons mutually attracted by the two nuclei |
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| Consist of two or more atoms bonded covalently and have a net positive or negative charge |
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| A mass law stating that the total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction |
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| Law of Definite Composition |
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| A mass law stating that, no matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts (fractions) by mass |
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| Law of Multiple Proportions |
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| A mass law stating that if elements A and B react to form two or more compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers |
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| Atoms of a give atomic number (that is, of a specific element) that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers. |
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| The mass (in amu) of an isotope relative to the mass of carbon-12 |
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A mass exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Also called dalton, Da |
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