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| The Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| Marked by a dramatic change in the nature of production in which machines replaced tools, steam and other energy sources replaced human or animal power, and skilled workers were replaced with mostly unskilled workers |
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an approach to sociology that assumes the methods of the natural sciences such as physics can be applied successfully to the study of social life and the scientific principles learned can be applied to solving social problems
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Science of Social Life
From the Latin "socius" (being with others)
and the greek "logos" (study of) |
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| a process of change over time based on the clash of historical forces characterized by a thesis, a conflicting antithesis, and finally their resolution in a new synthesis. |
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| Rational action by human actors based on their own subjective understanding |
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| Human action i n which goals are set and achieved in the most efficient manner |
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| organizations based on rationality, having a clear division of labor, written rules and regulations, impersonality, heirarchical lines of authority, and selection and promotion based on competence |
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| a disciplined work ethic, rational approach to life, and an emphasis on this world |
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| sociological research that focuses on individuals, thoughts, actions, and individual behaviors |
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| an organized set of concepts and relationships among those concepts offered as an explanation or account of some phenomenon |
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| Regular patterns of behavior characterizing a society that exist independent of individuals and are beyond the control of individuals |
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| enduring, relatively stable patterns of social behavior |
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| the consequence of effect of a social structure for the society as a whole |
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| regular patterns of behavior characterizing a society that exist independent of individuals and are beyond the control of individuals. |
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| shared norms values and beliefs of a society |
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| the obvious and usually intended consequences of actions |
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| the less obvious and often unintended consequences |
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| the positive consequences of social structures |
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| the negative consequences of social structures |
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| the capacity for people to act to change their own lives and to influence others |
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| marx meant the technologies and resources required for producing goods or services in an economy, such as factories, raw materials and machines. |
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| bourgeoisie (capitalists) |
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Definition
| those owning the means of produciton including land, raw materials, forests, factories, and machines |
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| people who sell their labor to capitalists for wages |
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| the difference between what manufacturers are paid for good or services and what they pay workers to produce them |
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| a combination of beliefs and attitudes held by a social class that fails to recognize the objective social position of that class and fails to perceive the causes of social conditions related to stratification |
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| focus on individuals, thoughts, actions, and individual behaviors |
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Definition
| focus on social structures that influence individuals, such as groups, organizations, cultures, or even societies |
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| studies either focus on intermediate level structures, such as the family or small organizations, or may try to bridge the micro and macro levels to show how one influences the other |
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| the subjective understand of individual participants anchored in a context of shared cultural ideas |
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| combines the importance of mutual interactions among people, verstehen, and the importance of the self-concept. |
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| words, gestures, and objects that communicate meaning between people |
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Term
| "Definition of the Situation" |
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Definition
| a statement or action that explicitly or implicitly suggest the meaning the actor would like others to attribute to their actions |
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| a shared meaning for the situation agreed upon by all participants |
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| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| since the meaning of social life is negotiated in a social process among participants, reality is not directly experienced by individuals so much as it is socially constructed |
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Term
| dramaturgical perspective |
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Definition
playing roles in life: theater
front-stage
back-stage |
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Term
Dramaturgical Perspective
Front-stage |
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Definition
| settings in which they are trying to create favorable impressions of themselves (job interview) |
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Term
Dramaturgical perspective
Back-stage |
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Definition
settings when they are less concerned about creating favorable impressions
(hanging with friends and relaxing) |
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| analyzes social interaction in terms of valued outcomes to the participants. People are motivated by self-interest, measured by rewards and costs of actions |
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| you give someone something, they must give you something of equal value in return |
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| results that are systematically different from those of the population in a specific direction |
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| an alternative causal model that might account for the findings of a study |
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| an abstract idea or theoretical construct usually represented by a word or brief phrase summarizing some meaningful aspect of the real world |
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| a variable kept constant to remove its effects in a study |
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| a sample of people who were selected because they were easy to find |
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| data (the plural of datum) |
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Definition
| empirically obtained information often used to test theories |
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| a variable in a causal relationship whose value tends to change as a consequence of some change in the value of one or more independent variables |
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| a detailed descriptive account summarizing and interpreting a culture or a collection of people studied |
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| the unintended effects on behavior produced when people are aware they are being studied |
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| a testable assertion about the relationship between two or more variables which is not known to be true but can be tested in research |
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| a type used as a model for how something might be, but is not necessarily something which exists or is commonly found. |
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| a variable in a causal relationship thought to affect or cause one or more dependent variabes to change whenever its own value changes |
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| a study that takes advantage of natural events to study their effects on people |
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| a description of procedures used to measure a concept in sufficient detail so that someone else could perform the same procedure and get a similar result |
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| a sample for which each case in the population has some known probability of being included in the sample and all segments of the population are represented in the sample |
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| a sample including specific numbers (quotas) of cases falling in various subcategories |
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| assigning people to groups randomly (with the same probability of being assigned to each group) |
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| is the extent to which humans being studied respond to the research process or the researcher by changing their behavior, either unintentionally or intentionally |
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| the extent to which a measure or scale produces consistent results |
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| the proportion of people asked to participate in the study who actually did so |
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| a subset of members of the population rather than the entire population |
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| a study in which the subjects do not know the purpose of the study, but the experimenters do. |
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| a tendency for respondents to answer questions in ways that make them appear to have socially desirable traits such as being truthful, smart, and fair |
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| two variables are related and appear to have a direct causal connection, but acutally both of the variables are affected by a third variable |
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| an organized set of the interrelated assertions which seeks to account for some phenomenon |
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| the extent to which a measure or scale measures what we think it measures |
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| a measurable trait or characteristic which can vary and which is used to measure a concept |
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| A subculture that challenges important elements of the dominant culture such as beliefs, attitudes, or values and seeks to create an alternative lifestyle |
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| the spread of cultural elements including objects and ideas from one culture to another |
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| the coherence and consistency typically found among elements of a single culture |
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| a theory that argues technological change is the driving force for much change and that changes in other elements of culture often lag behind technology |
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| the reduction of differences (both good and bad) between cultures resulting in a loss of cultural uniqueness and the lose of cultural heritage |
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| a view which judges other cultures not by standards of the viewer's culture, but by the standards of the other culture itself |
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| cultural elements found in all cultures |
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| a combination of ideas, behaviors, and material objects that people have created and adopted for carrying out necessary tasks of daily life. |
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| the culture that takes precedence over other cultures in activities or events involving people from many categories of the population |
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| the view that your own culture is the standard against which other cultures can be judged right or wrong |
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| rules governing everyday conduct that are not considered to be morally important and are not strictly enforced |
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| the artifacts, values, knowledge, beliefs, and other cultural elements that elites in a society to use to distinguish themselves from the masses |
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Definition
| a dramatic change in the nature of production in which machines replaced tools, steam and other energy sources replaced human or animal power, and skilled workers were replaced with mostly unskilled workers |
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Definition
a change that began during the last half of the 20th century in which service jobs are becoming more common than jobs in manufacturing or agriculture
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| an abstract system of symbols, and rules for their usage permitting people to represent abstract thoughts and experiences and communicate them to others |
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| all the art, architecture, technological artifacts, and material objects created by a society |
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| serious norms for important activities having a strong moral imperative and strictly enforced |
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| a perspective that recognizes the contributions of diverse groups to our society and holds that no single culture is any better than all the rest. |
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| all the artifacts, values, knowledge, beliefs, and other cultural elements that appeal to the masses |
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| a society dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods |
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| argues that language shapes thought |
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| a theoretical perspective that attempts to explain social life as the result of biological characteristics of individuals |
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| negative, biased generalizations regarding all people in the same category |
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| a culture containing many elements of the dominant culture, but having unique features that distinguish its members from the rest of the population |
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| words, gestures, pictures, in fact anything, that conveys meaning to people who share a culture |
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| standards of desirability, rightness, or importance in a society |
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| a respect for and appreciation of people who work hard and a sense that hard work should be rewarded |
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| individuals or groups who transmit culture, such as parents and teachers |
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| anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| socialization for a status that occurs before the person occupies the status |
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| the interactions between genders that tends to strengthen and perpetuate gender boundaries |
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| a ritual in which someone experiences negative, often extremely embarrassing events in the presence of others |
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| activities that merge entertainment with educational experiences |
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| the widely shared norms and values of the broad society that provide the standards for evaluation individual behavior |
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| socialization in which peers and more experienced members train newcomers as they carry out their roles |
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| the individual's own wants and desires, their innovations and impulses |
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| ourselves as others see you |
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| the image we believe others have of us |
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| a process of unlearning old norms, roles, and values, then learning new ones required by the new social environment |
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| ceremonies marking important transitions in life such as the passage from being single to being married |
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| particular other people with who they interact |
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| a process of socialization in which children of the rich are prepared for and directed towards positions of privilege in society while children of the poor are prepared for and directed into low prestige positions of subservience |
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| the process by which a person learns and comes to accept the established ways of a particular social group or society. |
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