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Basic outline of what's happening. No cause and effect. Demographic or census.
Ex: How many people live in poverty? |
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Explores the details with a look into cause and effect.
Ex: What do those under the poverty line think of welfare services? |
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Research to test why things occur and the predicted change btw things.
Ex: How does education effect the income of a person? |
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Assessment of real-world policy.
Ex: How effective is SFA in graduation rates? |
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Start with an idea and test it.
Ex: Does prison deter crime? Reincarceration rates. |
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Start with data and generate a theory.
Ex: Based on last years voting turnout, more people are losing faith in Democracy. |
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The level of social life on which a research question.theory is focused.
Ex: Individual, state, country |
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When conclusions about individuals are drawn from data about groups.
Ex: ACT scores in Texas were the lowest in the country, therefore John must have had a low ACT score |
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When conclusions about groups are drawn from data about individuals
Ex: I have a latino landscaper so all latinos are landscapers. |
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When you state exactly what you mean by each concept.
Ex: Student: elementary school, middle school, high school, etc. |
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Convert the concept into something they can use for their study.
Ex: Are you currently enrolled in...
a.) elementary school b.) middle school c.) high school |
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| A sample that can ve generalized to the entire population. |
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| Every sample element is selected by chance in a random process |
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Samples selected separately from population strata that are identified in advance
Ex: High school- seniors, juniors, sophmores, freshmen |
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| A stage procedure in which cases are randomly selected within clusters that are themselves randomly selected. |
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| Sample selected from a list with every nth element being selected after the first randomly selected. |
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| Sample selected on the basis of convenience. |
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| Elements are selected to ensure that the sample reflects proportion to their prevalence in the population. |
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| Sample selected for a purpose. |
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| Participants sampled by word of mouth successively. |
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| Ideographic Causal explanation |
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| seek complete, in-depth explanation for why a single event or action occurred |
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| Nomothetic Causal explanation |
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| seek factors that explain variation in the outcome |
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| the supposed cause (independent variable) |
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| the supposed effect (dependent variable) |
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| the situation that would have existed if the explanatory had NOT changed |
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Choosing to look only at things that are in line with our preferences or beliefs.
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| Occurs when we unjustifiably conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases. Drawing conclusion based on small sample population. |
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Conclusion was led to through uncorrelated steps
Ex: superstitions- The sun is out so it must be warm out. |
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Neglection of new information
Ex: global warming |
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| Theory/hypothesis/proposition |
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| an idea connecting two or more concepts and indicating how categories of one concept are associated with categories of other concepts. |
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| All of the individuals (or "units") about whom we wish to make conclusions |
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| the subset of the population that you actually include in the study |
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| The process of selecting individuals from the population for inclusion in the sample |
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| a list of all of the N individuals in the population |
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| Unclear, yet, generalizable results |
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| Asking the entirety of your target population |
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| Info about a small group to guess something about the whole population |
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| thing you want to understand or measure (e.g., happiness, status, race) |
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| Nominal/qualitative measurement |
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Something that you cannot measure quantitatively
Ex: religion, gender, ethnicity |
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answer categories have order; greater or less than
Ex: On a scale from 1-5, how religious are you? |
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| Differences btw answer categories are the same AND a real zero is possible |
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Does it make sense on the face of things?
Ex: How much do you weigh? |
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| covers all of the possible answers |
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| How it compares to a gold standard. Best possible measure. |
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checking to see if the measure works the way you'd expect
Ex: If you're happy, what else are you?
If you're not happy, what else are you? |
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| Nature of a presumed relationship between two variables that is actually due to variation in a third variable; correlation does not equal causation |
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| Motivational speaker caused enhanced confidence; having heard speaker before confidence boost. The one came before the other. |
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some discernible process through which one variable affects another.
Ex: How does one thing affect another? |
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| a search for evidence supporting a hypothesis |
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| a search for evidence contradicting the same hypothesis |
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| an individual capable of deliberation about personal goals and of acting under direction of such deliberation |
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| Acknowledge autonomy of people and protect those with diminished autonomy |
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| Do not harm anyone; maximize possible benefits to the participants and minimize possible harms. |
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| NO identifying info is collected. NO way to figure out who the person is |
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| identifying info is collected but the researcher SWEARS they will keep it private |
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| Who ought to receive the benefits of research and bear its burdens? Equals are treated equally |
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| undue burden imposed or benefit is denied without good reason |
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| sampling procedure systematically reduces the chances that some kinds of people will be included in the study; clear results that are NOT generalizable |
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