Term
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Definition
| Founder of classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic learning process that involves repeatedly paring a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response; also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning |
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Term
| (UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus |
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Definition
| the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response with the need for prior learning |
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Term
| (UCR) Unconditioned Response |
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Definition
| the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| (CS) Conditioned Stimulus |
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Definition
| a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response |
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Term
| (CR) Conditioned Response |
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Definition
| the learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus bot to other, similar stimuli as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli. |
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Term
| Extinction (in classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors especially as they pertain to the process of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by satisfying effect become strengthened and are more liketly to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increased the likelihood of that response being repeated. |
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Term
| Positive Reinforcement (OC) |
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Definition
| A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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Term
| Negative Reinforcement (OC) |
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Definition
| a situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities. |
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Term
| Conditioned Reinforcer (OC) |
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Definition
| a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated. |
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Term
| Punishment by Application (Positive Punishment) (OC) |
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Definition
| a situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment. |
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Term
| Punishment by Removal (Negative Punishment) (OC) |
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Definition
| A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called Negative Punishment |
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Term
| Discriminative Stimulus (OC) |
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Definition
| A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced. |
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Term
| Operant Chamber or Skinner Box |
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Definition
| the experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. (food for correct behavior) |
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Term
| Continuous Reinforcement (OC) |
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Definition
| a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement (OC) |
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Definition
| A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (kennel, sometimes give food, dog is hopeful) |
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Term
| Extinction in Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer. |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect (OC) |
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| the delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of response or the time interval between responses |
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Term
| Fixed ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of response has occurred |
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Term
| variable ration (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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Term
| Fixed interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval. |
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Term
| variable interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trail to trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the likelihood of operant being repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases the likelihood of operant being repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available. (learning without rewards) |
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Term
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Definition
| learning takes place through observing the actions of others. |
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