Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Exam 1 Review
Chapter 5
39
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Founder of classical conditioning
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
the basic learning process that involves repeatedly paring a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response; also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning
Term
(UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response with the need for prior learning
Term
(UCR) Unconditioned Response
Definition
the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
Term
(CS) Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
Term
(CR) Conditioned Response
Definition
the learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus bot to other, similar stimuli as well.
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.
Term
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
Definition
the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
Term
Law of Effect (OC)
Definition
learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by satisfying effect become strengthened and are more liketly to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation.
Term
Operant (OC)
Definition
Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.
Term
Reinforcement (OC)
Definition
the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increased the likelihood of that response being repeated.
Term
Positive Reinforcement (OC)
Definition
A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
Term
Negative Reinforcement (OC)
Definition
a situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
Term
Primary Reinforcer (OC)
Definition
a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.
Term
Conditioned Reinforcer (OC)
Definition
a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer
Term
Punishment (OC)
Definition
The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.
Term
Punishment by Application (Positive Punishment) (OC)
Definition
a situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment.
Term
Punishment by Removal (Negative Punishment) (OC)
Definition
A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called Negative Punishment
Term
Discriminative Stimulus (OC)
Definition
A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.
Term
Operant Chamber or Skinner Box
Definition
the experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors.
Term
Shaping (OC)
Definition
The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. (food for correct behavior)
Term
Continuous Reinforcement (OC)
Definition
a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced
Term
Partial Reinforcement (OC)
Definition
A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (kennel, sometimes give food, dog is hopeful)
Term
Extinction in Operant Conditioning
Definition
The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
Term
Partial Reinforcement Effect (OC)
Definition
The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement
Term
Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
the delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of response or the time interval between responses
Term
Fixed ratio (FR) schedule
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of response has occurred
Term
variable ration (VR) schedule
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
Term
Fixed interval (FI) schedule
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval.
Term
variable interval (VI) schedule
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trail to trial.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
increases the likelihood of operant being repeated
Term
Punishment
Definition
decreases the likelihood of operant being repeated.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available. (learning without rewards)
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
learning takes place through observing the actions of others.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!