Term
| What is the definition of Microorganism |
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Definition
| organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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Term
| Rules for the Genus and the specific epithet |
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Definition
- italicized or underlined.
- The Genus is capitalized
- Are "latinized" and used worldwide
- May be descriptive or honor a scientist. |
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Term
| What are the types of Microorganisms |
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Definition
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Viruses
- Multicellular animal parasites. |
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Term
Characteristics of Bacteria
What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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Definition
- Prokaryotes
- Peptidoglyan cell walls
- Binary Fission
- For energy, use organic chmicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis |
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Term
Characteristics of Archaea
What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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Definition
-Prokaryotic
- Lack peptidoglycan
-Live in extreme enviroments
- Include -(methanogens, extreme helophiles, extreme thermophiles) |
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Term
Characteristics of fungi
What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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Definition
-Eukaryotes
-Chitin cell walls
- Use organic chemicals for energy
- Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
-Yeast are unicellular |
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Term
Characteristics of Protozoa?
What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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Definition
- Eukaryotes
- Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
- May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
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Term
Characteristics of Algae
What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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Definition
-Eukaryotes
- Cellulose cell walls
- Use photosynthesis for energy
- Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds. |
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Term
Characteristics of Viruses
What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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Definition
-Acellular
- Consist of DNA or RNA core
- Core is surrounded by a protein coat
- Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
- Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell |
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Term
| Characteristics Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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Definition
-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular Animals
- Parasitic Flatworms are called helminths
- Microscopic stages in life cycle |
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Term
| Which Microrganisms are Eukaryote? |
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Definition
-Fungi
-Protozoa
- Algae
-Multicellular |
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Term
| What are the three domains? |
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Definition
1.Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
-Protists
-Fungi
-Plants
-Animals |
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Term
| What did Robert Hooke Discover? |
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Definition
He reproted that living things were composed of little boxes, cells.
discovered the "cell theory". All living things are composed of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Said that Cells arise from preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| describe live Microrganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Tested the Meat with flies expirament. Proved that flies had to land their eggs on the meat in order to produce maggot |
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Term
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Definition
| Showed that Nutrient fluids heated AFTER being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found that even after he heated nutrient fluids before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were full of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
He demostrated that microorganisms are present in the air.
He also discovered the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
- Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation
- He also demostrated that theses spoilage bacteria could be healed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of a high heat for a short time |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that a silkworm disease caused by a fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another |
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Term
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Definition
| used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections |
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Term
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Definition
| This man proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided experimental steps called Koch's postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. |
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Term
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Definition
inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who then had immunity to smallpox.
Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow. Invented the immunization for smallpox |
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Term
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Definition
"magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host.
- he developed a synthetic arsenic drug salvarsan, to treat syphillis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first antibiotic, Penicillin. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the possibility that microorganisms may cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how microbes inherit traits |
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Term
| What is molecular biology |
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Definition
| the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
DNA made from 2 DIFFERANT sources
EX: Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into Bacterial DNA and the bacteriaa produces an animal protein |
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Term
| What is Normal Microbiota |
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Definition
Microbes normally present and on the human body.
- They produce growth factors such as folic acid and Vitamin K
- Prevent growth of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses.
- They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane.
2. Their DNA is not associatedd w/ histones other proteins are associated w/the DNA
3. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
4. Thier cell walls almost always contain the complez polysaccharide peptidoglycan
5. The usually divide into 2 cells by binarry fission.
OR
-one circular chromosome NOT in a membrane
- no histones
-no organelles
-Peptidoglycan cell walls if bacteria
- Psedomurien cell walls if archaea |
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Term
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Definition
1. Their DNA is found in the cell's nucleaus, which is seperated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes.
2. Their DNA is associated w/ chromosomal proteins called histones.
3. They have a number of membrane enclosed organelles.
4. Their cell walls are simple, chemically.
5. Cell division usually involves mitosis, in which chromosomes replicate and an i dentical set is distributed in each nuclei. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Streptococci (chains of cocci) |
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Term
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Definition
Sugar Coating outside of the cell wall.
-Usually Sticky
- Capsule :neatly organized
- Slime layer- unorganized and loose
- Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
- Capsules prevent phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
- Outside the cell wall
- Made of Chains of FLAGELIN
- Attached to a protein hook
- Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Allow Attachment
- help filament attach to the surface
- fimbrae are shorter |
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Term
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Definition
facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
- gliding motility (smooth gliding movements)
- Twitching Motility ( contact and retract ) |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Cell Wall |
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Definition
Main protective structure
- prevents osmotic lysis
- made of peptidoglycan ONLY IN BACTERIA!
- Allows structure to not bust |
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Term
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Definition
ONLY IN BACTERIA -
Polymer of disaccharide - long chains of sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
THICK Peptidoglycan
Teichoic Acid ( help hold structures together) |
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Term
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Definition
-Thin Peptidoglycan
- Outer membrane
- Peiplasmic Space (layer of fluid) |
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Term
| 3 components in the Gram negative outer Memebrane |
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides, Lipoproteins, and phospholipids |
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Term
| In the Gram-Negative Outer memebrane Lipid A is |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram Positive will be what color |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pink in color, it will not hold crystal Violet |
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Term
| Gram- Positive has ___ ring basal body. It is disrupted by ______. |
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Definition
| 2 -Ring Basal Body, and Lysozyme |
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Term
| Gram-Negative Cell wall has ___ ring basal Body. And __ cell walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 Bacteria that are acid fast? |
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Definition
- Live gram positive
Waxy Lipid bound to Peptidoglucan
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia |
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Term
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Definition
Resting Cells
- Resistant to desiccation, heat and Chemicals
- Sporulation : Endospore Formation
- Germination: Return to Vegetative State |
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Term
| Steps in the Endosymbiotic Theory |
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Definition
| Early Cell -> Bacteria OR Archea or Eukarya -> Chloroplast OR Mitochondria OR DNA |
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Term
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Definition
The science of classifying organisms
- Provides univeral names for organisms
- Provides a reference for identifying organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
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Definition
| Combine ANTISERUM + Unknown Bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme- Linked immunosorbent Assay
- known antibodies
- unknown type of bacterium
-Antibodies linked to enzyme
-Enzyme substrate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of the chemical reactions in a organism |
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Term
| What are the two types of metabolism |
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Definition
Catabolism - Provides energy
Anabolism - uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules |
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Term
| What is the collision Theory |
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Definition
states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules colide.
Activation Energy- is needed to disrupt electronic configurations
Reaction Rate - is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction |
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Term
| Reaction rate can be increase by _______ or by increasing temperature or pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of an Enzyme |
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Definition
Biological Catalysts - specific for a chemical reaction, not used up in that reaction.
Apoenzyme: Protein
Cofactor: Nonprotein Component
Holoenzyme: Apoenzyme plus cofactor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are factors that influence Enzyme activity |
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Definition
| Temperature and pH denature proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of Glycolysis |
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Definition
| the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH |
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Term
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Definition
Any Spoilage of food by microorganisms (general use)
Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products
Any Large Scale microbial process occuring with or without air |
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Term
| Fermentation (scientific definition) |
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Definition
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
does not require oxygen
does not use the kreb cycle or ETC
Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
Photo: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP)
Synthesis: Carbon fixation: Fixing Carbon into organic molecules
Light-independent reaction: Calvin Benson cycle |
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