Term
| Dietary Fats are absorbed by (a)_____ and then packaged & transported by (b)____. |
|
Definition
A. Intestinal Epithelial Cells
B. Chylomicron (lipoprotein) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following has maximum amount of energy?
A. Fats- triglycerols or others
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Oxygen |
|
Definition
| Any type of fat! Glycerol would be an example |
|
|
Term
| Simple Fatty Acids must contain |
|
Definition
| Carboxylic Acid Group (COOH) |
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|
Term
| Hydrolysis of fats yield... |
|
Definition
| Fatty Acids and Glycerols |
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|
Term
| Organic salt is known as ____ & what two types of groups make this? |
|
Definition
esters
acid (-COOH (carboxyl Acid group) and a base (-OH (hydroxyl group) |
|
|
Term
| lipase is the enzyme that does... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates the Hormone Sensitive Lipase and through what process? |
|
Definition
| Glucagon and NE through G-protein Copper Receptor (GPCR) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Hormone-Sensitive Lipase cleave and what does this produce? |
|
Definition
| Cleaves Triglycerides to make Free Fatty Acids and Glycerol |
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|
Term
| Glycerol from fats enter ___ and how? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis by being converted to Glycerol-3-Phosphate by Glycerol Kinase |
|
|
Term
| Fatty Acids are converted to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two energy-contained molecules are |
|
Definition
| ATP and Coenzyme A's Sulfur group |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Oxidation of Fatty Acids occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FAs are transported in blood as Free Fatty Acids. The carrier for these FFAs is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Acetyl and Acyl group? |
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Definition
| Acyl is more simple by being any chain length when attached to S Coenzyme A. Acetyl has to be just Ch3 |
|
|
Term
FAs are converted to Acyl-CoA by which enzyme?
What is special about this step? |
|
Definition
Acyl-CoA Synthetase (aka Thiokinase)
*Thio = sulfur
Only step in FA oxidation that requires ATP |
|
|
Term
| How do you activate the free FA to begin B-oxidation? |
|
Definition
| add CoA by acyl-coA sythetase or thiokinase |
|
|
Term
| B-oxiation occurs are what part of the FA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is B-oxidation occurring at? |
|
Definition
| mitochondria's inner matrix |
|
|
Term
| Small fatty acids (<12 C) transport into mitochondria by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large FAs (>14) are transported through the mitocondria membrane by |
|
Definition
| acyl-carnitine / carnitine transporter |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the carnitine is involved in the formation of Acyl-Carnitine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What enzyme is used to make Acyl-Carnitine
and where is it located |
|
Definition
Carnitine-Acyltransferase I
Outer Mitochondria Membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where is Carnitine Transporter located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Carnitine-Acyltransferase II produce? |
|
Definition
| releases carnitine to have Acyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What is Carnitine-acyltranferase I inhibited by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the oxidizing agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidative conversion of 2C units into ___ and producing ____ along with it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of Acetyl CoA into ____ via ____ and produces ____ |
|
Definition
| CO2 via Citric Acid Cycle producing FADH2 and NADH |
|
|
Term
| Production of ATP from FADH2 and NADH via ___ |
|
Definition
| Respiratory chain (oxidative phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
| 16C palmitic acid will release ____ Acetyl CoA in ___ steps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four enzymes of each pass that rmove one acetyl-coA at a time? |
|
Definition
1. Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
2. Enoyl-CoA hydratas
3. B-hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase
4. Acyl-CoA acetyltransferase (thiolase) |
|
|
Term
| Alkane is a straight line that goes to Alkene which has a double bond by which enzyme |
|
Definition
| Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (removes an H, creating a cpuble bond between alpha C and Beta C) |
|
|
Term
| Alkene goes to Alcohol by ___ |
|
Definition
| Enoyl-CoA Hydratase to add H20 to add OH group at Beta Carbon and break double bond |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol goes to Ketone by which enzyme? |
|
Definition
| B-hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase to release H2O and create a double bond at Beta Carbon with a Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Ketone is transferred into a Acetyl-CoA by ____. |
|
Definition
| Acyl CoA Acetyltransferase (thiol) |
|
|
Term
| is Enoyl CoA a trans or cis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is being added to the Oxidation Step 3 of Dehydration of Alcohol into Ketone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is being added into the 1st step of oxidation of Alkane to Alkene dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is being added into when the enzyme Acyl CoA Acetyltransferase is working? (Ketone-->Acetyl CoA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP moles are made from FA catabolism? |
|
Definition
NADH- 3 (2.5)
FADH2- 2 (1.5) |
|
|
Term
| Number of ATPs made in Palmitic Acid is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-oxidation of odd-chained saturated Fatty Acids produce |
|
Definition
| propoinyl CoA and Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What is Propionyl CoA converted into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of Unsaturated fats include what two extra enzymes? Which one is monounsaturated and which one is polyunsaturated? |
|
Definition
Enoyl-CoA isomerase (monounsaturated)
NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (polyunsaturated) |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between the Unsaturated FA and saturated? |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated contains a double bond!! |
|
|
Term
| There is a Cis structure in Oxidation of Unsaturated Fats, which enzyme will correct this to be turned into a trans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme removes double bonds by adding Hydrogen to make unsaturated fat into a saturated one? |
|
Definition
| by saturase or hydroase or reductase ?? |
|
|
Term
A-oxidation:
Location of pathway
Removal of __ Carbons at a time from the carboxyl end of the FA
Does or Does not need COA intermediates
Does or Doesn't it generate high energy phisphates?
|
|
Definition
Pathway is in the Brain
Removes 1 carbon at a time at the Carboxyl end
Does not need CoA intermediates
Does not generate high energy phosphates |
|
|
Term
| Where does Gamma (w) Oxidation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peroxisomal fatty acids are very long chains from high dietary fats that are oxidized where? What do they produce? Do they need carnitine? Does it produce less or more energy than B-oxidation? |
|
Definition
| in Peroxisomes to produce acetyl-CoA and H2O2 (hydrogen Peroxide) without needing canitine but produces less energy. |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the ketone bodies produced from ketogenesis from Acetyl-CoA if it does not enter citric acid cycle. |
|
Definition
Acetone - real ketone!
acetoacetate
D-B-hydroxybutyrate |
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies should be produced at a very low rate. Which two situations has this occur more rapidly? |
|
Definition
| Starvation and untreated diabetes melitus |
|
|
Term
| Entry of Acetyl-CoA requires ____ to enter Citric Acid Cycle. The fate of Acetyl-CoA is now ___ and transported to be converted to ___ when there is a short supply of ____. |
|
Definition
OAA
Ketone Bodies in liver and then transported to the brain and muscles to be converted back to Acetyl CoA so that these tissues can generate energy with the short supply of GLUCOSE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme converts 2 Acetyl CoA into Acetoacetyl-CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme converts Acetoacetyl-CoA into HMG-CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme converts HMG-CoA into Acetoacetate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHich enzyme converts Acetoacetate into Acetone? |
|
Definition
| Acetoacetate decarboxylase (release CO2) |
|
|
Term
| Acetoacetate is converted into D-B-Hydroxybutyrate by which enzyme? What does it take in? |
|
Definition
| D-B-hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase...NADH + H+ |
|
|
Term
| The reactions of synthesis of FA are: |
|
Definition
endergonic (traps energy)
Reductive |
|
|
Term
| What is the reducing agent in synthesis of FA? |
|
Definition
NADPH!!!! which is an electron carrier
|
|
|
Term
| Fatty Acid biosynthesis involves the condensation of successive C2 units which are: |
|
Definition
Acetyl-CoA is the source of the first C
Bicarbonate is the source of the second C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3C unit
An intermediate of the fatty acid biosynthesis
Source of 2C unit (C2 donor)
3rd carbon goes away as Carbon Dioxide in each step |
|
|
Term
| Biosynthesis takes place where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In biosynthesis, the growing acyl chain is attached to the rather than CoA. |
|
Definition
| Acyl-carrier Protein (ACP) |
|
|
Term
| In cytosol there must be efficient amount of what two things in order for biosynthesis if FA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Acetyl-CoA generated and where at? |
|
Definition
| pyruvic acid dehydrogenase or B-Oxidation of FA or some aa in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| How does the acetyl-CoA be transferred into cytosol and what happens there? |
|
Definition
| OAA connects to make citrate by citrate synthetase and when it is in cytosol it is broken back down by citrate lyase. OAA is converted into Malate to make NADPH and Pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme produces the NADPH in the cytosol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than Malic enzyme, what other pathway used to make NADPH? what does this pathway also produce? |
|
Definition
pentose-Phosphate Pathway (or Hexo-mono?)
Ribose-5-P for nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| OAA is made from pyruvate by: |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate Carboxylase enzyme from Pyruvate + ATP + HCO3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in the Biosynthesis of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
Acetyl-Coa Decarboxylase
uses biotin
Adds CO2 and ATP
RATE LIMITING ENZYME AND STEP
forms carboxybiotin intermediate
produces malonyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
| What are the three important functional domains of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, which is the RLE?? |
|
Definition
biotin carrier protein
biotin carboxylase
transcarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| What is Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase activated by? What type of activator is it? What does this do to the Vmax? This is also controled/regulated by... |
|
Definition
Citrate
Allosteric Activator
Increases Vmax
Dephosphoylation by Insulin |
|
|
Term
| What is the first end product of biosynthesis pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase? |
|
Definition
Palmitic-CoA (feedback inhibitor)
Phosphorylation (Glucagon, NE, Epi) |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme and what is added to the inactivated acetyl-coa carboxylase-P? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme is added to inactivate the acetyl-coa carboxylase? |
|
Definition
| AMP-activated protein kinase (glucagon, epi, ne) |
|
|
Term
| How can high-Cal diet affect fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After malonyl is created in biosynthesis, the next step is... |
|
Definition
| Fatty Acid Synthase, a multi-enzyme complex |
|
|
Term
| Fatty Acid Synthase creates how many Carbons being added to the chain at each cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fatty acid synthase bound to? |
|
Definition
| acyl carrier protein (ACP) |
|
|
Term
| how many enzymatic activities in FA synthase and what do they form? how many priming reactions? |
|
Definition
7, polypeptides
2 - 1.acetyl coA bind to acetyl ACP to go to acetyl-s-enz
|
|
|
Term
| What are the reactions in the synthesis of FA? |
|
Definition
Condensation (opp. of cleavage) (KS)
Acetyl-S-Enz + Malonyl CoA --> acetoacetyl-ACP + CO2
Reduction-Dehydration-Reduction
Ketone-->Hydroxyl (Alcohol)-->Alkene-->Alkane |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-S-Enz is part of ___ and has ___ |
|
Definition
| FA synthase and is Keto-acetyl Kinase |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl CoA and Malonyl coa are condensated (KS) into ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
b-ketobutyryl-ACP is ___ into ____.
what does it put in?
|
|
Definition
reduction of b-keto group (KR)
puts in nadph and gives off NADP+
produces B-hydroxybutyryl-ACP |
|
|
Term
| B-hydroxybutyryl-ACP is ____ into____. |
|
Definition
| dehydrated into trans-triangle2-butenoyl-ACP |
|
|
Term
| Trans-tri2-butenoyl-ACP is ____ into ____ |
|
Definition
reduction of double bond (ER)
Takes in NADPH
Butyryl-ACP |
|
|
Term
| Butyryl-ACP is ___ into Cys by which enzyme? |
|
Definition
| translocated by B-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme breaks the Palminic chain from ACP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enlongase adds 2C to palmitate where? |
|
Definition
Mitochondria (uses Acetyl-CoA as substrate instead of Malonyl-CoA)
ER or microsomal system |
|
|
Term
| Human system only goes up to what to FA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elongation of what is important in brain which increases rapidly during myelination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two common unsaturated compounds? |
|
Definition
| Oleic Acid (1) and linoleic acid (2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that introduces double bonds, making them unsaturated and where at? |
|
Definition
| Desaturase (4,5,6,9) in ER |
|
|
Term
| How to make Glycerol-3-p in triacylglycerol? |
|
Definition
glycerol + atp in liver with glycerol-3-kinase
or
Glucose in liver or adipose tissue with DHAP |
|
|
Term
| Glycerol-3-p goes to ___ after adding a Acyl (FaCoA) |
|
Definition
lysophosphitic or monoacylglycerol-P
|
|
|
Term
| Lysophosphatidic acid (or monoacylglycerol-P) goes to ___ when adding another acyl (FACoA) |
|
Definition
| phosphatidic acid or diacylglyercol-P |
|
|
Term
| Phosphatidic acid or diacylglyerol-P is converted into ___ by ___ |
|
Definition
| Diacylglycerol by dephosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| What does Glycerophospholipid contain? |
|
Definition
| Glycerol backbone with 2 fA and a P-Head group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycerol backbone, hydrocardon tail, FA, and P-Head Group |
|
|
Term
| Sphingolipids are what two groups with what type of backbone? |
|
Definition
Sphingosine backbones.
Sphingomylin has P-Choline (headgroup)
Glycolipid has carbohyrdate (head group) |
|
|
Term
| What molecule is added to introduce different head group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the storage form of cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cholesterol sources? |
|
Definition
dietary - egg yolks, red meat, not synthesized in plants, bile salt reabsorbed
Body synthesis- stimultaed by low dietary intake and held in liver and intestines |
|
|
Term
| cholesterol can be packaged into |
|
Definition
chylomicrons in the intestine
Very Low density lipoprotein (VLDP) in liver (major carrier)
all lipoprotein |
|
|
Term
precursor molecule for all 27C Cholesterol is...
how is it obtained? |
|
Definition
Acetyl CoA
B-oxidation
oxidation of ketogenic aa (luecine, lysine)
pyruvate dehydrogenase reactions |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of reducing agent NADPH? |
|
Definition
Glu-6-p Dehydrogenase
6-p-gluconate dehydrogenase of HMP shunt |
|
|
Term
| Where does cholesterol biosynthesis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Cholesterol require for creating high energy? and what two bonds? |
|
Definition
Hydrolysis
-thioester bond of acetyl coa
-phosphoanhrydride bond of atp
|
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|
